State of Louisiana v. Joshua X. Griffin

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

16-424

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

JOSHUA X. GRIFFIN

**********

APPEAL FROM THE
THIRTIETH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF VERNON, NO. 81423
HONORABLE C. ANTHONY EAVES, DISTRICT JUDGE

**********

DAVID E. CHATELAIN*
JUDGE

**********

Court composed of Marc T. Amy, Elizabeth A. Pickett, and David E. Chatelain,
Judges.

AFFIRMED.

______________________
*Honorable David E. Chatelain participated in this decision by appointment of the
Louisiana Supreme Court as Judge Pro Tempore.

Annette Roach
Louisiana Appellate Project
P. O. Box 1747
Lake Charles, LA 70602-1747
(337) 436-2900
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT:
Joshua X. Griffin

Asa A. Skinner
30th JDC District Attorney
Terry W. Lambright
First Assistant District Attorney
P. O. Box 1188
Leesville, LA 71446
(337) 239-2008
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
State of Louisiana

Joshua X. Griffin
Louisiana State Penitentiary
Angola, LA 70712
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT:
Joshua X. Griffin

2

CHATELAIN, Judge.

The State of Louisiana charged Defendant, Joshua X. Griffin, by bill of

indictment with the first degree murder of Jason Perry (Perry), a violation of

La.R.S. 14:30; conspiracy to commit armed robbery, a violation of La.R.S. 14:26

and 14:64; and armed robbery, a violation of La.R.S. 14:64. Thereafter, the State

filed a notice of intent to not seek the death penalty. On August 15, 2015, a jury

returned a verdict of guilty on each charge. The trial court subsequently granted a

Motion in Arrest of Judgment and dismissed the armed robbery conviction.

On September 25, 2015, the trial court sentenced Defendant to life

imprisonment at hard labor without the benefit of parole, probation, or suspension

of sentence on the conviction of first degree murder and three and one-half years

on the conviction of conspiracy to commit armed robbery, to be served

consecutively. Defendant now appeals, raising four assignments of error through

counsel and six assignments pro se.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Around 9:00 p.m. on April 13, 2011, Andre Porter (Porter), Dontrez Banks

(Banks), and Defendant met at Paul’s Truck Stop in Leesville, Louisiana.

Sometime around then, the three men discussed going to Perry’s residence north of

Rosepine initially for the purpose of stealing some marijuana. All three men then

proceeded down Highway 171 (Hwy 171) towards Perry’s residence in Porter’s

vehicle. At some point, a text was sent from Banks’s phone to Perry, presumably

inquiring about the purchase of marijuana.

Very quickly after they arrived at the residence, Perry approached Porter’s

vehicle, and an altercation ensued between all four men, which resulted in Perry’s

death from one of seven stab and slicing wounds he sustained in the altercation.

Perry’s cell phone, wallet, and marijuana were taken from his pockets. Defendant,

Porter, and Banks then left and returned to Paul’s Truck Stop, discarding Perry’s

cell phone and driver’s license on Hwy 171 along the way.

Later that evening, Arkie Prosise, a longtime friend of Perry, arrived at

Perry’s residence around 10:00 p.m. When he turned into the driveway, he saw

Perry lying on the ground, unresponsive, and he summoned help. Shortly

thereafter, Chief Dennis Parrott (Chief Parrott) of the Rosepine Police Department

arrived. After checking for a pulse, he called to ensure an ambulance was en route

and to alert the Vernon Parish Sheriff’s Office (VPSO) of a possible homicide.

Earlier that day, Perry had contacted Chief Parrott regarding threatening text

messages he had received from Defendant. Chief Parrott had advised the victim to

obtain the messages and bring them to the station. When Detective Mike Martin

arrived on the scene, Chief Parrott told him about the text messages, the printouts

of which were recovered from the victim’s car at the scene. Also while at the

scene, Chief Parrott informed the lead detective, Ray Ortiz (Det. Ortiz), that he was

familiar with the victim from an incident that occurred the prior night when he had

responded to that same location and taken a report of a busted window in the

victim’s residence; Defendant was a person of interest in that incident.

Sometime before midnight, Perry’s live-in girlfriend, Briana Estrada

(Estrada), who was also the mother of Defendant’s two children, arrived and spoke

with Det. Ortiz regarding threatening text messages she had received from

Defendant that she explained were directed at Perry. During her interview at the

scene, Estrada showed the detective her phone, which contained the text messages.

Det. Ortiz also spoke with the victim’s brother, Justin Perdue (Perdue), who told

Det. Ortiz about his belief that Defendant would have been someone responsible

for his brother’s death as he was aware of a confrontation between the two men

and threats Defendant made towards his brother.

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Det. Ortiz reported this information to Chief Detective Marvin Hilton (Det.

Hilton) at the scene. Det. Hilton then sent officers to locate and detain Defendant.

In the early morning hours, Deputies Jason Horton (Deputy Horton) and John

Adams (Deputy Adams) arrived at the home of Defendant’s parents, located at

1107 Maple Grove Circle in Leesville, Louisiana. Defendant’s father, Carl Griffin,

answered the door and granted the officers permission to enter the residence. He

then led the officers to his son’s bedroom and opened the door. There, the officers

found Defendant in bed, apparently asleep and sweating profusely. Deputy Horton

then advised Defendant of his Miranda rights,1 handcuffed him with his hands

behind his back, and led him to his police unit where the deputy placed Defendant

in the back seat. After calling Det. Hilton, Deputy Horton informed Defendant a

detective was on his way to speak with him. At this time, Defendant told Deputy

Horton that he believed his blood sugar was low. Deputy Horton immediately

removed Defendant from the vehicle, uncuffed the Defendant, and recuffed him

with his hands in front, which allowed Defendant to test his blood sugar levels.

The monitor that one of his family members brought from the residence gave a

reading of 37. Defendant’s mother then brought some candy and a fruit drink,

which Defendant consumed. Shortly thereafter, Defendant stated he felt better.

Det. Ortiz then met Deputy Horton outside the Griffin home and instructed him to

take Defendant to the station.

Once at the station, the detectives noticed Defendant had a cut on the back of

his right leg. Initially, Defendant refused to talk to the detectives, but in an

interview around 5:30 a.m., Defendant admitted to Det. Ortiz he fought with the

1
In Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602 (1966), the Supreme Court
rendered inadmissible statements obtained from defendants during custodial interrogations
without full warning of their constitutional rights as having been obtained in violation of the
Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination.

3

victim the night of the murder, but he denied stabbing or killing Perry. During the

interview, Defendant implicated a man he referred to as “Cory.” Detective Steven

Moss and another officer then took Defendant to find “Cory’s” home, but the

search was fruitless as Defendant eventually conceded he made up “Cory.”

Thereafter, Defendant again asked to speak with detectives. The interview

was conducted on April 14, 2011, at 9:09 a.m. and ended at 9:25 a.m. Both the

recording and the transcription of the interview were introduced and admitted into

evidence at Defendant’s trial. During the interview, Defendant stated he knew the

victim because he purchased marijuana from him and because the victim dated his

ex-girlfriend. Defendant related that he and Porter, along with another friend, went

to the victim’s home to purchase “weed” or hydro-marijuana. When the three

arrived at the victim’s home, they asked the victim if they could weigh the drugs.

According to Defendant, while the victim was standing outside of Porter’s car,

Porter’s friend hit the victim through the window, and the three guys exited the car

and jumped on the victim. Defendant admitted that he hit the victim with his fist

multiple times, until the victim fell to the ground, and that he kicked the victim.

He indicated the three perpetrators took everything out of the victim’s pockets but

denied using any weapons. Defendant recalled, when they left the victim’s home,

the victim was alive. After leaving the scene, Defendant saw Porter throw the

victim’s phone out of the car. Later, Defendant returned to his home. When asked

how he received the cut on his leg, Defendant stated he believed he cut it on a tree.

Defendant was then formally arrested at 10:00 a.m. on April 14, 2011. The

information he provided further led to the apprehension of Porter and Banks, who

were both interviewed later that day.

Det. Ortiz interviewed Porter on April 14, 2011, from 5:37 p.m. to 5:53 p.m.

The transcription of the interview was introduced into evidence at trial. During the

4

interview, Porter recalled Banks called him and requested that they meet at a truck

stop. When Porter arrived at the truck stop, Banks and Defendant were already

there. Defendant then asked Porter to drive him to the victim’s home in Rosepine.

Once they arrived at the victim’s home, the victim walked toward Porter’s vehicle.

Defendant then jumped out of the vehicle and started to fight the victim. Banks

also exited the vehicle, but Porter stated that he could not see Banks fighting the

victim. Porter became uncomfortable and turned the car around. He recalled

Banks reentered the vehicle, followed by Defendant, and Porter drove away. Porter

did not see the victim, but when they were driving away, he saw a bloody knife in

Defendant’s hand. He described the knife as a blade with brass knuckles on it.

When he saw Defendant with the victim’s identification, phone, and wallet, Porter

told Defendant to get the victim’s things out of his car.

Banks was interviewed by Det. Ortiz on April 14, 2011, at 7:58 p.m. The

interview ended at 8:07 p.m. Banks told the detective that Porter picked him up

from his home around 8:00 or 9:00 p.m. on April 13. They met Defendant at a

truck stop. The three men then traveled in a vehicle to the victim’s residence.

While proceeding to the victim’s home, Defendant told the men he was planning to

beat up the victim. Banks stated that, when they arrived at the victim’s home,

Defendant exited the vehicle, while he and Porter stayed in the car. Banks

estimated Defendant was out of the vehicle two or three minutes. When Defendant

got back to the car, the three men left. Banks stated Defendant said he beat up the

victim, but Defendant did not mention he stabbed the victim. After Banks returned

home, Porter called at 1:00 a.m. and told him Defendant had killed the victim.

In a subsequent interview, Banks amended his statement, recalling that

Defendant “started stabbing” the victim as soon as he got “in range” and that, when

Perry “wasn’t going down[,]” Porter came from the driver’s side of his car and

5

started punching Perry. Porter then grabbed the victim’s cell phone and money,

while Defendant “got the weed[.]” Both Porter and Defendant then “hopped back

in the car[,]” and they all “rolled off[.]”2

Detectives conducted another interview of Defendant on April 15, 2011, at

11:28 a.m., after Defendant had again requested to speak to them. Detectives Noel

Yates and Hilton were present for the recorded and transcribed statement, which

was introduced into evidence as well. Defendant stated he, along with Banks and

Porter, planned to steal an ounce of hydro-marijuana from the victim and admitted

he was carrying a pair of brass knuckles, which had a knife protruding from it. He

recalled, as the victim approached the car, Banks hit the victim, and the three men

exited the vehicle and jumped on top of the victim. Defendant admitted he punched

the victim with his brass knuckles and unintentionally stabbed him with the knife.

Additionally, he recalled he accidentally cut Banks during the fight, but he did not

recall how he was cut on his own leg. Defendant admitted he was the only one

with a knife. He further explained the only reason the group went to the victim’s

home was to steal the hydro-marijuana and to fight the victim; he did not intend to

kill Perry, though. During the fight, the group took the victim’s phone. After

Defendant and his friends left the victim’s home, they threw the phone out the car

window as they were traveling. When Defendant returned to his home, he threw

the knife in a trashcan next to his house.

Although the three men gave conflicting statements to the police, they all

agreed Defendant was the one who stabbed Perry with the brass knuckle blade

during the robbery. The autopsy revealed that, of the seven stabbing and slicing

2
The defense introduced the transcript of this interview, conducted on April 21, 2011,
into evidence as well.

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wounds inflicted, only the stab wound to the victim’s upper left chest was lethal,

puncturing the lung and aorta, which resulted in massive hemorrhaging.

The police never recovered the murder weapon, although Perry’s cell phone

and driver’s license were found in the median along Hwy 171. Officers obtained a

search warrant for the Griffin residence, but the search did not produce any

evidence directly linking Defendant to the crime, although the pants he wore that

evening were recovered from the residence’s washing machine.

On June 2, 2011, a grand jury indicted Defendant with (1) first degree

murder, (2) criminal conspiracy to commit armed robbery, and (3) armed robbery.

At his arraignment on July 5, 2011, Defendant entered a not guilty plea to each

charge. The State charged both Banks and Porter with the same crimes.

Pursuant to plea agreements, both Banks and Porter, on September 5, 2012,

pleaded guilty to manslaughter and conspiracy to commit simple robbery, with

sentencing deferred pending their testimony and cooperation at Defendant’s trial.

As the factual basis for their pleas, the State contended:

[I]f tried the State could prove that there was an agreement between
[all three defendants] to travel to the Rosepine area . . ., where the
victim, Jason Perry, lived for the purpose of committing a theft or
robbery of Marijuana from Mr. Perry. These three individuals, in fact,
in [Porter]’s vehicle that met at Paul’s Truck Stop, they did, in fact,
travel to the Rosepine area to Mr. Perry’s residence. Immediately
upon arrival at that residence, which was a trailer, apparently from the
information developed by law enforcement and from statements from
all three defendants, a fight ensued involving all parties, at least as far
as - - certainly, as far as being a principal is concerned and as a result
of that the victim, Mr. Perry, died as a result of that altercation. The
parties then left and went back to Paul’s Truck Stop and eventually
wound up at their three respective residences that night.

On March 6, 2013, the State filed its motion not to seek the death penalty.

Defendant subsequently filed a Motion to Suppress Statements of the Defendant,

Evidence Found on His Person, and the Fruits of All Information Obtained as the

Result of the Unlawful Arrest of the Defendant on August 6, 2013. The trial court

7

heard the motion on August 27, 2014, and, after reviewing post-hearing

memoranda, denied the motion on October 8, 2014.

On that same date, the State and the defense met to discuss a possible plea,

with trial set for October 20, 2014. During plea negotiations, the State and the

defense agreed there might be a plea that could be taken to manslaughter,

conditioned on the victim’s family’s approval, and the defense moved, without

objection from the State, to continue the plea date and trial date. At that time, the

State and defense agreed that the trial court could fix a court date for the taking of

a possible plea. However, after speaking with the victim’s family the next day,

October 9, 2014, and again on October 14, 2014, the State contacted Defendant’s

attorney to inform him that, in two separate conversations with the family, they had

rejected any plea agreement; therefore, the possible plea was not enforceable.

Defendant than filed a Motion and Order to Enforce Plea Agreement, which was

heard on October 22, 2014. After taking the matter under advisement, the trial

court granted the motion, finding an agreement existed between the State and

Defendant upon which Defendant relied to his detriment. This court granted the

State’s writ application and vacated the trial court’s ruling, finding in a two-to-one

ruling that the defense failed to prove there was a binding agreement between the

State and Defendant. State v. Griffin, 14-1315 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/11/15)

(unpublished opinion). The supreme court denied Defendant’s writ application.

State v. Griffin, 15-540 (La. 4/17/15), 168 So.3d 405.

Prior to trial, the State amended the indictment to include La.R.S.

14:30(A)(1) and (A)(6) on count one in direct response to defense counsel’s

Motion for Bill of Particulars and Defendant’s pro se Motion to Quash, both filed

on August 10, 2015. It was further clarified that, with regard to (A)(1), the specific

crimes at issue were only second degree robbery, simple robbery, and armed

8

robbery. Thereafter, the trial court denied the motion to quash. Although the court

did not specifically state it was also denying the Bill of Particulars, it is clear that

the court determined the amendment to the indictment sufficiently answered the

Bill of Particulars. The trial court likewise denied Defendant’s pro se Motion to

Suppress, which was also filed on August 10, 2015.

Jury selection began and concluded on August 10, 2015, with trial

commencing the next day. On August 15, 2015, the trial court charged the jury,

which retired to deliberate at 11:40 a.m. A little over an hour later at 12:45 p.m.,

the jury returned with an eleven guilty and one not guilty verdict to the charge of

first degree murder. For the remaining two charges—conspiracy to commit armed

robbery and armed robbery—the jury returned unanimous verdicts of guilty.

On August 31, 2015, defense counsel filed a Motion in Arrest of Judgment

and a Motion for Judgment of Acquittal, along with memoranda in support of both

motions. The trial court denied the motion for acquittal by Order dated September

1, 2015. Defense counsel then filed a Motion for New Trial and a Supplemental

Motion in Arrest of Judgment, all of which the trial court heard on September 23,

2015. After considering each motion, the trial court granted the motion in arrest of

judgment, setting aside the guilty verdict for armed robbery, with the State’s

agreement, on the grounds of double jeopardy, as armed robbery was one of the

underlying crimes used to prove felony murder. The remaining motions were

denied.

On September 25, 2015, the trial court sentenced the defendant to life

imprisonment at hard labor without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of

sentence for first degree murder and three and one-half years at hard labor for

conspiracy to commit armed robbery, to be served consecutively. Defendant filed

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a Motion for Appeal and Designation of Record on September 29, 2015, which

was granted on October 9, 2015.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

Defendant, through counsel, raises four assignments of error:

(1) The trial court erred in failing to suppress the statements of
Appellant as well as any evidence derived as a result of these
statements.

(2) Appellant requests this court re-examine this court’s pre-trial
ruling reversing the trial court’s grant of Appellant’s Motion to
Enforce Plea Agreement.

(3) The trial court erred in allowing the opinion testimony of
Detective Steven Ray Moss with regard to the nature of text messages.

(4) The prosecutor permitted the false testimony of two co-defendants,
Andre Porter and Dontrez Banks, to be introduced at the trial of this
case, in violation of Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 79 S.Ct. 1173, 3
L.Ed.2d 1217 (1959), thereby depriving Appellant of a fair trial.

Defendant also raises five assignments of error pro se:

(1) The trial court’s instructions to the jurors on the definition of first
degree murder was a constructive amendment of the indictment;

(2) There was insufficient evidence to convict petitioner of murder
during the distribution of illegal drugs;

(3) Appellant was denied his right to a complete defense when the
trial court sustained the state’s objection to appellant’s trial counsel’s
cross examination of the state’s witness[es] as to their admissions of
guilt during guilty plea trials;

(4) Appellant has been denied his right to appeal where the court
refuses to provide appellant with copies of voir dire transcripts;

(5) Appellant suffered ineffective assistance of trial counsel under
two separate theorys [sic] . . . .:

(a) trial counsel’s failure to seek a mistrial or
maintain an objection to the court proceeding to trial
with a petiti [sic] jury tainted by predisposed comments
of appellant’s guilt was ineffective assistance of counsel;
and

(b) [c]ounsel’s failure to object to the erroneous jury
instruction was ineffective assistance of counsel[.]

10

On November 14, 2016, this court, after hearing oral arguments, ordered the

record supplemented with the voir dire transcript. Additional briefing notices were

issued following receipt of the supplemental record. While Defendant and the

State submitted supplemental briefs to this court, Defendant’s appellate counsel

chose not to do so. In his supplemental brief to this court, Defendant further asserts

his trial counsel rendered him ineffective assistance when he:

(1) failed to object to the entire voir dire proceedings; (2) failed to
seek a mistrial after hearing a prospective juror taint the entire jury
pool with prejudicial opinions of guilt; (3) failed to request individual
questioning of prospective jurors during voir; and (4) failed to object
to the systematic exclusion of all of the blacks from his jury.

ERRORS PATENT

In accordance with La.Code Crim.P. art. 920, we have reviewed this appeal

for errors patent on the face of the record. Having found none, we turn now to a

discussion of each assignment of error, beginning with the four assignments raised

by appellate counsel.

DISCUSSION

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1:

The trial court erred in failing to suppress the statements of
Appellant as well as any evidence derived as a result of these
statements.

In this first assignment of error, defense counsel argues the trial court erred

in failing to suppress Defendant’s statements as well as any evidence derived as a

result of these statements. During the suppression hearing held prior to trial, the

defense set forth the following grounds for suppression:

(1) Defendant was arrested in his home without an arrest warrant and
without exigent circumstances or other exceptions to the warrant
requirement;

(2) Defendant was subjected to unlawful interrogation while being
unlawfully held; and

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(3) Defendant was suffering symptoms and effects of severely low
blood sugar at the time he was unlawfully held and interrogated.

As previously noted, the trial court denied Defendant’s motion to suppress.

In its written ruling, the trial court first addressed the constitutionality of the arrest,

starting with a discussion concerning the time at which Defendant was arrested.

While the State contended Defendant was merely detained until his formal arrest at

10:00 a.m. on the morning after the crime, the trial court agreed with the defense

that, based on the totality of circumstances, Defendant was arrested when he was

first detained by Deputy Horton and taken to the station because “a reasonable

person in the Defendant’s place would not have felt that he was free to stay home.”

The trial court based its ruling on the holdings in Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429,

111 S.Ct. 2382 (1991) and Kaupp v. Texas, 538 U.S. 626, 123 S.Ct. 1843 (2003),

in which the Supreme Court found that an arrest occurs when a reasonable person

would not feel free to decline the officer’s requests or otherwise terminate the

encounter given the totality of the circumstances. It further remarked upon the

striking similarities between the circumstances in Kaupp, wherein a seventeen-

year-old was awakened at 3 a.m. and escorted to the police station shoeless and in

handcuffs, and the circumstances in this case where “Defendant was awakened at 1

a.m. and escorted to the police station in handcuffs.” In neither circumstance, the

trial court reasoned, would a reasonable person “know that the handcuffs were

merely for the protection of the officers and that it cannot be seriously suggested

that under the circumstances a reasonable person would feel free when questioning

started [if] he wanted to go home and go back to bed.”

The trial court then addressed the legality of the warrantless arrest, finding

there were no exigent circumstances that might justify the arrest because the police

“had no reason to believe that the Defendant was a flight risk or might destroy

12

evidence[,]” citing Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 100 S.Ct. 1371 (1980).

Looking next for probable cause, which, when present, serves as an exemption to

the exclusionary rule that would “bar the State’s use of a statement made by the

defendant outside of his home, even though the statement is taken after an arrest

made in the home in violation of Payton[,]” the trial court reasoned:

Probable cause exists if, at the time of the arrest, the officer has
within his knowledge trustworthy facts and circumstances sufficient to
warrant a reasonably prudent person to believe that the suspect has
committed a crime. Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89 (1964). Probable cause
is based on the totality of the circumstances. Illinois v. Gates, 462
U.S. 213, 230 (1983).

Officers knew that a murder had been committed and had the
body. Officers also knew that Rosepine police had responded to an
incident the night before involving broken windows in the victim’s
home where the Defendant was the main person of interest. Officers
knew the victim had been living with and dating the Defendant’s ex-
girlfriend who was the mother of the Defendant’s children. The
victim’s brother told officers about the “beef” between the victim and
the Defendant, and that the Defendant had threatened the victim
before.

As stated in the affidavit for a search warrant, the Defendant’s
former girlfriend told police that the Defendant repeatedly made
threats towards her and the men she dated. She also showed police
text messages on her phone from the Defendant. The text messages
read: “imma bitch but who ran well see tonight at his house”; “leave
my lonely like you did last time want to run huh its war”; “I aint never
been fake imma bring it back again lol watch how the ambassador get
down when u f[***] your own kids money over bitch you can get
knocked off too”; and “wanna test me i know where u be dude.” The
message “i know where u be dude,” combined with information from
the girlfriend, makes it clear that at least some of the threatening
messages were directed at the victim. The message “bitch you can get
knocked off too” (emphasis added) indicates that the Defendant’s
threats were directed beyond just his ex-girlfriend and could include
murder.

Given the totality of the circumstances a reasonably prudent
person could believe that the Defendant had committed the crime.
There was probable cause for the Defendant’s arrest.

Accordingly, the trial court found “the exclusionary rule does not apply because

police did have probable cause for the arrest.”

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Regarding defense counsel’s second grounds for exclusion, based on the

involuntariness of the confession given Defendant’s low blood sugar and

corresponding inability to comprehend the consequences of his confession, the trial

court found (alteration in original):3

Voluntariness is assessed by looking at the totality of the
circumstances, including the suspect’s age, education, and mental and
physical condition, along with setting, duration, and manner of
interrogation. Spano v. New York, 360 U.S. 315 (1959).

Just because a defendant is suffering from a medical condition
does not mean that he cannot give a voluntary statement. State v.
Hahn, 526 So. 2d 260 (La. App. 2 Cir. 1988), writ denied, 532 So. 2d
150 (La. 1988).

[W]hen a defendant contends that his mental capacity
was impaired because of his physical condition at the
time of his interrogation, the jurisprudence has
consistently held that the confession will be admissible
unless the defendant establishes that he was impaired to
such a degree as to negate his comprehension and to
render him unconscious of the consequences of what he
was saying.

State v. Guidry, 94-678, p. 5 (La. App. 3 Cir. 12/7/94), 647 So. 2d
502, 506 (citing State v. Narcisse, 426 So. 2d 118 (La. 1983), cert.
denied, 464 U.S. 865 (1983)).

In this case, the State offered the testimony of three police
officers and documents which defendant signed to support the
voluntariness of the statement. All of the police officers testified that
defendant gave his statement freely and voluntarily, without force,
coercion, or inducements of any kind.

The Defendant’s blood sugar was tested and found to be 37
around the time of his arrest. He was given candy and some kind of
drink and his symptoms alleviated. Because he was not tested again, it
is uncertain what his blood sugar level was throughout interrogation.
However, the defense’s own medical expert testified that, based on the
officers’ testimonies and other evidence, the Defendant’s blood sugar
was at least “high enough to give him normal brain function” and
would have been “steadily rising” throughout the interrogation. Based

3
Interestingly, the trial judge informed the defense and the State that he had Type 2
diabetes, which he controlled with insulin, and on the record, the defense acknowledged that
Defendant had “no problem with going forward with the hearing even with the knowledge that
you have Type 2 diabetes.”

14

on the evidence, the Defendant was capable of comprehension and
was conscious of the consequences of what he was saying.

It is hereby ordered that the Defendant’s Motion to Suppress is
DENIED.

On appeal, we review the entire record to determine the correctness of a trial

court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, affording great weight to a trial court’s

denial, which will not be set aside “unless a preponderance of the evidence clearly

favors suppression.” State v. Snelling, 09-1313, p. 2 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/5/10), 36

So.3d 1060, 1064, writ denied, 10-1301 (La. 12/17/10), 51 So.3d 16. As this court

has further explained:

“In determining the legal correctness of the trial court’s ruling
on a defendant’s motion to suppress, a reviewing court is not limited
to evidence adduced at the hearing on that motion; it may also
consider all pertinent evidence given at the trial of the case.” State v.
Guidry, 94-678, p. 6 (La.App. 3 Cir. 12/7/94); 647 So.2d 502, 507.

....

A determination of the weight of evidence presented is a
question of fact. The resolution of a matter where conflicting
testimony exists requires a determination of credibility of the witness
and is a matter of weight of the evidence and not sufficiency. Tibbs v.
Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 102 S.Ct. 2211, 72 L.Ed.2d 652 (1982). Such a
determination rests solely with the trier of fact who may accept or
reject, in whole or in part, the testimony of any witness. State v.
Nolan, 503 So.2d 1186 (La.App. 3 Cir.), writ denied, 507 So.2d 226
(La.1987).

A fact finder’s discretion will be impinged upon only to the
extent necessary to guarantee the fundamental protection of due
process of law. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61
L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). Where rational triers of fact could disagree as to
the interpretation of the evidence, the rational trier’s view of all
evidence most favorable to the prosecution must be adopted on
review. Only irrational decisions to convict by the trier of fact will be
overturned. See State v. Mussall, 523 So.2d 1305 (La.1988).
Determination of credibility will not be disturbed on appeal in the
absence of manifest error. State v. Sanders, 542 So.2d 1134 (La.App.
3 Cir.1989).

State v. Green, 96-208, pp. 3, 8 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/6/96), 683 So.2d 1292, 1294,

1297, writ denied, 96-2892 (La. 6/13/97), 695 So.2d 963.

15

In brief to this court, defense counsel contends Defendant was arrested in his

home without an arrest warrant and without exigent circumstances or other

exceptions to the warrant requirement. Counsel further argues the State failed to

prove an exception to “legitimize this warrantless arrest[,]” contending none of the

State’s witnesses articulated exigent circumstances to justify entering Defendant’s

parents’ home.

While conceding there was an arrest, the State in opposition contends that,

though the trial court did not err in finding probable cause, it did err in finding no

exigent circumstances. The State further asserts Defendant’s father gave his

consent for the officers to enter his home.

The law applicable to warrantless arrests in a private home has long

provided:

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
protects “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.”
U.S. Const. amend. IV. Similarly, the Louisiana Constitution provides
that “[e]very person shall be secure in his person, property,
communications, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable
searches, seizures, or invasions of privacy.” La. Const. art. 1, § 5.
Warrantless entries into the home for arrest or seizure are invalid in
the absence of exigent circumstances. Payton v. New York, 445 U.S.
573, 100 S.Ct. 1371, 63 L.Ed.2d 639 (1980). The Fourth Amendment
has drawn a firm line at the entrance to the home, and a police officer
therefore needs both probable cause to arrest or search and exigent
circumstances to justify a non-consensual warrantless intrusion into a
private premises. State v. Talbert, 449 So.2d 446 (La.1984); State v.
Hathaway, 411 So.2d 1074 (La.1982). Probable cause to arrest
without a warrant exists when the facts and circumstances known to
the arresting officer are sufficient to justify a man of ordinary caution
in believing that the person to be arrested has committed or was
committing a crime. Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 85 S.Ct. 223, 13
L.Ed.2d 142 (1964); La.C.Cr.P. art. 213; State v. Raheem, 464 So.2d
293 (La.1985).

State v. Brisban, 00-3437, pp. 4-5 (La. 2/26/02), 809 So.2d 923, 927 (alterations in

original). Though generally both federal and state constitutional guarantees

prohibit police from making warrantless entries into private homes, an exception to

16

the warrant requirement is recognized “where voluntary consent has been obtained,

either from the property owner or from a third party who possesses common

authority over the premises.” State v. Simmons, 08-269, p. 12 (La.App. 5 Cir.

10/28/08), 996 So.2d 1177, 1184, writ denied, 09-15 (La. 9/25/09), 18 So.3d 81

(citing Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177, 110 S.Ct. 2793 (1990)). “Consent may

be given by one having ‘common authority’ over the premises sought to be

searched. Common authority is based on ‘mutual use of the property by persons

generally having joint access or control for most purposes.’” State v. Edwards, 97-

1797, p. 11 (La. 7/2/99), 750 So.2d 893, 901, cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1026, 120

S.Ct. 542 (1999) (quoting U.S. v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 94 S.Ct. 988 (1974)).

Our review of the entire record clearly reveals Defendant’s father consented

to the warrantless entry into his home. At the hearing on the motion to suppress,

Deputy Horton testified that Carl Griffin opened the door of the residence,

explaining:

Q. And what, if anything, was the conversation you had between
yourself and Carl Griffin?

A. I advised Mr. Griffin of myself and Deputy Adams were with the
Vernon Parish Sheriff’s Office and that we was [sic] trying to locate
Joshua Griffin.

Q. And did you ask if he knew where - - whereabouts of Joshua
Griffin were?

A. Yes, sir, he stated he was in his bedroom inside of the residence.

Q. Did you ask permission to enter the residence of 1107 Maple
Grove Circle from Mr. Carl Griffin?

A. Yes.

Q. And what, if anything, did he say?

A. He said that we could.

Q. And what, if anything, did you do next?

17

A. Mr. Griffin then escorted myself and Deputy Adams to a bedroom
that had a closed door, he then opened the bedroom door and we
walked in.

Q. And did you find Joshua Griffin in that bedroom?

A. Yes, sir, he was laying [sic] in bed.

Deputy Adams, who accompanied Deputy Horton to the Griffin residence and

assisted in Defendant’s arrest, also testified they “were invited into the residence.”

Therefore, the next question we must resolve is whether the officers had probable

cause to arrest Defendant.

As our supreme court has expounded, “[p]robable cause to arrest exists

when the facts and circumstances within an officer’s knowledge, and of which he

has reasonable and trustworthy information, are sufficient to justify a man of

average caution in the belief that the accused has committed an offense.” State v.

Scales, 93-2003, p. 6 (La. 5/22/95), 655 So.2d 1326, 1331, cert. denied, 516 U.S.

1050, 116 S.Ct. 716 (1996) (citing State v. Elliot, 407 So.2d 659 (La.1981); State

v. Wilson, 467 So.2d 503 (La.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 911, 106 S.Ct. 281 (1985)).

The court has further cautioned that probable cause is not absolute cause, and a

court, in determining its existence, “must examine facts and circumstances within

the arresting officer’s knowledge in light of the experience of reasonable people,

not legal technicians.” Id. (citing State v. Billiot, 370 So.2d 539 (La.), cert. denied,

444 U.S. 935, 100 S.Ct. 284 (1979)). This determination, however, “[‘]does not

rest on the officer’s subjective beliefs or attitudes but turns on a completely

objective evaluation of all of [the] circumstances known to the officer at the time

of his challenged action.[’]” State v. Slaydon, 05-794, p. 6 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/1/06),

921 So.2d 1199, 1204 (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Anthony, 98-406

(La. 4/11/00), 776 So.2d 376).

18

In State v. Freeman, 503 So.2d 753 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1987), which the State

cited, the defendant challenged the denial of his motion to suppress evidence, on

appeal, for lack of probable cause to arrest. This court found probable cause for

the arrest explaining, in pertinent part:

At the time of the defendant’s arrest, the arresting officer knew
the following facts: The victim had been shot in the head with a
shotgun; the culprit probably stole the victim’s car; the perpetrator
was probably wearing shoes with serrated soles; the shoeprints of the
serrated soled shoes lead from the Fontenot residence to the victim’s
house; soon after the estimated time of death, a black male wearing a
tan cap was seen speeding in the victim’s car; defendant is black;
defendant had just admitted to owning shoes with what appeared to be
identical sole serrations as those seen at the murder scene; similar
serrated-sole shoeprints were seen around the Fontenot residence; a
tan cap fitting the earlier description had just been located in the house
where defendant resided; the officer knew the defendant had
previously lied when initially asked about the ownership of the shoes.
It appears that with the knowledge of all of the above facts, the
arresting officer had probable cause to conclude that defendant had
committed this crime. As stated earlier, probable cause to arrest need
not be established by evidence sufficient to convict.

Id. at 759. Similarly, in State v. Simms, 571 So.2d 145, 149 (La.1990), which the

State also cited, the supreme court found probable cause when the defendant, on

appeal, likewise challenged the denial of his motion to suppress:

The totality of the information known to the police at the time
of the arrest in this case was sufficient to justify a man of ordinary
caution in believing defendant had committed a crime upon Mary
Robertson. The police knew the following facts: the victim was
missing; the victim and her sister regularly received telephone calls at
defendant's residence; the victim was told by a visitor around
midnight that there was a telephone call for her sister; the victim left
her home, apparently expecting to return immediately because she
wore no shoes and left the door ajar and the kitchen light burning;
defendant was the only person at the Simms’ residence during the
evening; a bloodstained sheet and an earring of the type always worn
by the victim were found in defendant’s residence; defendant’s
clothes were washing in the machine about 2:00 a.m.; and defendant
had a fresh scratch on his back that he could not explain.
Additionally, the police were aware of defendant’s mother’s belief
that something suspicious had occurred at her home in her absence
and of the victim’s father’s belief that his daughter would not have left
the neighborhood voluntarily under these circumstances.

19

In light of this jurisprudential guidance, we must now review all of the

relevant testimony and evidence from the hearing on the motion to suppress and

from the trial to determine if the State established probable cause for the

warrantless arrest.

During trial, Chief Parrott testified the Rosepine Police Department received

a call, on the night of the offense, of a body lying in the driveway at 17744 Lake

Charles Highway in Vernon Parish. Upon arriving at the scene at 10:52 p.m., he

secured the area and called the VPSO. When the VPSO officers arrived, Chief

Parrott discussed with Det. Martin how the victim had called him and told him he

was receiving threatening text messages from Defendant. Chief Parrott further

informed Det. Martin that he had advised the victim to bring him the text

messages, but the victim was killed before he could do so.

At the suppression hearing and at trial, Det. Ortiz testified he received a

phone call on the night of the offense from Det. Martin, who informed Det. Ortiz

of a body found lying in a driveway near a residence located at 17744 Lake

Charles Highway in Vernon Parish. Det. Ortiz then proceeded to the scene and

spoke with Chief Parrott who informed him that, on the night before the victim was

stabbed, the victim made a report of someone busting the window of his home.

Chief Parrott also informed Det. Ortiz that Defendant was a person of interest.

On the night of the murder, Det. Ortiz also spoke with the victim’s

girlfriend, Estrada. During her interview at the scene, Estrada showed the

detective her cell phone, which contained threatening text messages from

Defendant. The detective read the messages into the record. Some of these

messages are in the trial court’s written reasons denying the motion to suppress,

which are set forth above.

20

Det. Ortiz further testified that, when the victim’s brother, Perdue, arrived at

the scene, he informed the detective that Defendant and the victim had a conflict

and that Defendant had threatened the victim.

After receiving the information from Estrada and Perdue, Det. Ortiz

conveyed this information to Det. Hilton, who decided to locate Defendant.

According to Det. Ortiz, Deputy Horton and Louisiana State Trooper Brandon

Edwards were sent to locate Defendant. After Defendant was located at his

parents’ residence, Det. Ortiz traveled to that location, arriving around 1:59 or 2:00

a.m. By that time, Deputy Horton had already placed Defendant in his police car.

On cross-examination, Det. Ortiz acknowledged that the text messages on

Estrada’s phone were directed to her and that there was no mention of the victim’s

name. The detective explained he took the text messages as a threat to the victim

because of the reference to the word “dude.”

At trial, Estrada testified that, on the day of the offense, she worked from

3:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. While she was at work, the victim visited her. After work,

she went to the victim’s residence. When she arrived, the police were there

already. Estrada further testified the victim and Defendant regularly communicated

with each other through text messages. She admitted Defendant texted her, and the

following pertinent exchange occurred between the State and Estrada:

BY MR. CABRA:
Q. Let me ask you this question, between January of 2011 when you
started seeing Mr. Perry and the night of April the 13 th of 2011 w[hen]
Mr. Perry died, did you, yourself, ever receive any text messages from
Joshua Griffin?

A. Yes, yes.

Q. Did any of those text messages have anything to do with your
relationship with Mr. Perry?

A. Yes.

21

Q. Were any of those text messages in any way threatening?

A. Yes.

Also at trial, Phillip Jackson, a VPSO officer, testified he arrived at the

scene the night of the offense, where he obtained a written, voluntary statement

from Estrada. During the interview, Estrada informed him that she received text

messages from Defendant. He then called Det. Ortiz over to discuss the messages

with Estrada.

At the motion to suppress hearing, Det. Hilton testified he arrived on the

scene at 12:08 a.m. on April 14, 2011. There, he learned from Det. Ortiz what

Chief Parrott had told the detective regarding problems the victim had with

Defendant the night before. Additionally, Det. Hilton was also informed of the text

messages Estrada received from Defendant that contained “threatening messages

towards” the victim. After receiving this information, Det. Hilton told Deputy

Horton to locate Defendant.

In brief to this court, defense counsel argues that, at the time of Defendant’s

detention and arrest, the officers had only vague information from untested

sources. According to the defense, the information regarding Defendant’s

potential involvement in the incident that occurred the previous evening, as well as

the “threatening” text messages shown to Det. Ortiz at the scene, all came from

Estrada and her cell phone:

Chief Parrott informed Detective Ortiz that the prior night Jason
Perry had reported that someone broke the windows out of his trailer.
Joshua Griffin was a person of interest, based on information provided
by Briana Estrada, who had been in a longtime relationship with
Griffin until 2009 and was the mother of his two children. She started
dating Perry just a few months before his death on April 13, 2011.
Estrada, who had arrived at the trailer sometime before midnight on
April 13, 2011, told Ortiz she had received several text messages from
Griffin that she believed were threatening. Although Ortiz testified at
the suppression hearing that the text messages were directed toward
Perry, on cross-examination he acknowledged that he was not sure of

22

the time frame the texts had been sent, and that Perry was not
mentioned by name. When asked if the threats were actually directed
at Estrada, Ortiz stated because one of the texts had “dude” he
assumed it was directed at Perry.

Not only was Estrada’s credibility not tested, the messages she
showed Ortiz did not mention Jason Perry by name and were mainly
directed at her. Further, these messages were not substantiated as
coming from Griffin; all Ortiz knew at the time was that Estrada said
they were from Griffin. Additionally, most of the text messages were
incomprehensible and Ortiz had not been provided a time line as to
when the messages had been sent. (Citations omitted).

Defense counsel contends “Estrada’s motives and trustworthiness should

have been examined before the information was relied on to effect an arrest.”

Moreover, the defense asserts the only other information provided to Det. Ortiz

prior to Defendant’s arrest regarding a “beef” and prior altercation between the two

men came from Perry’s brother, Perdue. However, no information was provided to

substantiate the information or the time frame in which it was alleged to have

occurred. The defense further notes no physical evidence connected Defendant to

either the earlier window-busting incident or the murder. Although the information

relayed to Det. Ortiz by others was sufficient to consider Defendant a person of

interest who needed to be questioned, it, in the defense’s view, fell short of

probable cause needed to enter someone’s home, detain him against his will, and

effect an arrest.

Defense counsel notes the only additional information mentioned at trial

came from Chief Parrott’s testimony about the call he received from Perry

concerning text messages from Defendant. However, the defense further points

out that Chief Parrott did not specify at what point he relayed this information to

Det. Martin. And, although copies of text messages found in Perry’s car were

introduced into evidence, it was conceded that these messages were not located

until sometime after Defendant had been taken into custody. Moreover, the

23

defense asserts the existence of probable cause “at the time of the arrest must be

determined without regard to the result of the subsequent search.” State v. Buckley,

426 So.2d 103, 107 (La.1983) (citing State v. Finklea, 313 So.2d 224 (La.1975)).

Counsel concludes:

Officers cannot pull themselves up by the bootstraps to legitimize a
previously illegitimate arrest with inculpatory information
subsequently and improperly derived as a result of the illegitimate
arrest. It was not until the next day, April 15, 2011, that the detectives
obtained arrest warrants for Griffin. By this time, the deputies had
interviewed Griffin on several occasions, had investigated leads he
had provided during the interviews and had also questioned Andre
Porter and Dontrez Banks.

In response, the State contends the trial court correctly found probable cause

for the arrest and relies heavily on Simms, which, it argues, is factually similar to

this case:

In this case, the Vernon Parish Sheriff’s Officers knew there
was a homicide and had the murdered body of Jason Perry. The
officers also knew from the Chief of Rosepine Police, Dennis Parrott,
that he was familiar with the victim, that he had responded the prior
night to this residence to investigate someone busting the victim’s
windows out of his home and that the defendant was the person of
interest in that crime. Further, the officers knew that the victim was
living with and dating Briana Estrada who had been previously in a
relationship with the defendant and Ms. Estrada and the defendant had
children together. Also, officers knew of and had read the defendant’s
text messages he had sent to Briana Estrada’s phone threatening the
victim. The officers also had spoken to the victim’s brother and he
believed the defendant was responsible for his brother’s death.
Further, they knew the victim’s brother was aware there was a “beef”
between the victim and the defendant. Also, the officers knew the
victim had shared with his brother that the defendant had threatened
him.

It is not a prerequisite for the existence of probable cause that
the police know at the time of the arrest that a particular crime has
definitely been committed. Simms, supra. However, in another
homicide case with very similar facts, the Third Circuit Court of
Appeals [sic] stated, “one of the most important factors in determining
if probable cause existed is satisfied when police officers know a
crime has actually been committed.” State v. Freeman, CR 86-708
(La. App. 3 Cir. 3/4/87), 503 So.2d 753.

24

In the Simms case, the police didn’t even have a body or
substantial proof that a crime had been committed at the time of
arrest. In this case, the officers absolutely knew they had a homicide
and every bit of the information they had strongly pointed to the
defendant. The State believes the evidence reveals that probable cause
existed to detain/arrest this defendant. Therefore, his detention/arrest
was not illegal as it was based on probable cause. (Citations omitted).

After reviewing all the evidence and arguments presented, we agree with

both the State and the trial court that the officers had probable cause, based on the

totality of the circumstances, to arrest Defendant in his parents’ home. Before the

arrest, the officers knew a crime had been committed. The officers knew

Defendant was a person of interest in the incident involving the victim’s windows

that occurred the night before and that the victim had reported to Chief Parrott that

Defendant had sent him threatening text messages. On the night of the murder,

before Defendant was arrested, the victim’s brother informed the police of the

altercations between Defendant and the victim as well as Defendant’s threats made

toward the victim. Further, the victim’s girlfriend informed the police that

Defendant sent threatening text messages to the victim and showed them her cell

phone messages at the scene. Based upon the reasonable and trustworthy

information recited above, we find the trial court was correct in ruling that the

State established the police had probable cause to arrest Defendant. Accordingly,

we find no error by the trial court in its denial of the motion to suppress on

constitutional grounds.

Defense counsel further argues Defendant’s statements were not knowingly,

freely, or voluntarily given due to his severely low blood sugar. Consequently,

counsel asserts the statements were a result of police duress, coercion, physical and

mental torture, and harassment. The defense explains that, when Defendant was

arrested, he had a low blood sugar level of 37. Despite this, none of the detectives

questioned if Defendant was still suffering from low blood sugar at the time of the

25

interviews conducted later that morning—at 5:28 a.m. and 9:09 a.m.—and whether

this could impair his cognitive ability. In summarizing the testimony of Dr. Brian

Tulloch, the expert in diabetes and endocrinology called by the defense during the

suppression hearing, counsel explains:

Dr. Tulloch testified that [a] normal reading[] for a Type 1 diabetic[,
like Defendant,] was between 80 to 120. A low reading is 50 and very
low is 25. If a person’s normal is around 80, at around 50, they will
become sweaty and restless. For every 10 points below 50, it would be
like taking a slug of alcohol. At 40, the brain functions are affected
and the person appears to be tipsy. By 30, the person would be
equivalent to a drunk person. By 20, the person would likely seize. If
a person had been a diabetic for years, the symptoms become less
sensitive. (Citations omitted).

As recounted in counsel’s brief, Dr. Tulloch further testified that once Defendant

ate the candy (one-third of a bag of Skittles) given to him at the Griffin residence,

his blood sugar

would rise within fifteen minutes and would maximize at about two
hours and then start to fall again. The rate at which it falls would
depend on the amount and type of insulin he had taken the night
before. Dr. Tulloch testified that, with information that Griffin was
using NPH (a form of insulin), his blood sugar would continue to rise.
(Citations omitted).

However, counsel notes that (1) no one could say whether Defendant had eaten

anything other than the Skittles over the course of the next ten or so hours, and (2)

no one testified that he was given any insulin during this time.

Although the State questioned the doctor in detail about the blood sugar

levels rising, the defense alleges these questions and the doctor’s response were

based on the assumption that Defendant had taken his medicine timely and

correctly and had eaten. Moreover, the defense conceded:

The doctor agreed with the prosecutor that no one testified that Griffin
complained about headaches, faintness, dizziness, pounding heart,
blurred vision, irritability or change of personality, although officers
testified that he was sitting with his eyes closed. Dr. Tulloch
acknowledged that, based on the testimony of the three to four officers
who testified at the hearing, it would appear his blood sugar was high

26

enough to give normal brain activity. Again, this assumption was
based on the officers’ testimony about the appearance of Griffin
during the early morning hours. However, none of these officers were
familiar with his normal behavior and would not have been able to tell
if he was acting differently. (Citations omitted).

The State, however, argues there was no evidence Defendant was suffering

from a “diabetic situation” which prevented him from giving a free and voluntary

statement.

Our review of the evidence supports the trial court’s finding that “Defendant

was capable of comprehension and was conscious of the consequences of what he

was saying.” In its written reasons, the trial court recited how Defendant’s own

expert opined that, based on the testimony of the officers and other evidence,

Defendant’s blood sugar was at least high enough for normal brain function and

would have steadily risen throughout the interrogation: “Sir, I listened carefully to

the three or four officers who came by. From what I understand of their testimony

it was high enough to give him normal brain function, so that would be 55 or above

or even 80 and above, if you like.”

Moreover, the expert’s testimony at the suppression hearing and also

Defendant, in his brief to this court, both point out that a sign of low blood sugar in

a diabetic person is that they behave like they are drunk or on drugs. Additionally,

the expert testified the diabetic person experiencing low blood sugar starts talking

nonsense. However, there was no evidence in the record Defendant exhibited any

of these symptoms.

After reviewing the record, we find the defense presented no evidence at the

suppression hearing or at trial to prove Defendant’s statements were not freely and

voluntarily given on the basis he suffered from symptoms related to low blood

sugar. Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s denial of Defendant’s

27

motion to suppress on the grounds of involuntariness. This assignment of error

lacks merit.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2:

Appellant requests this court re-examine this court’s pre-trial ruling
reversing the trial court’s grant of Appellant’s Motion to Enforce
Plea Agreement.

In this second assignment of error, defense counsel argues the trial court was

correct in granting Defendant’s pretrial “Motion to Enforce Plea Agreement.” As

noted in the facts recited previously, the State and Defendant tentatively reached a

plea agreement whereby Defendant agreed to plead guilty to manslaughter and

conspiracy to commit simple robbery contingent upon the victim’s family’s

approval. After the family rejected the agreement just days later, the State

rescinded its agreement. Prior to trial, the trial court granted Defendant’s “Motion

to Enforce Plea Agreement.” The State sought this court’s review, and we

reversed the trial court’s ruling:

WRIT GRANTED AND MADE PEREMPTORY: The Defendant
failed to prove there was a binding agreement between Defendant and
the State. Therefore, the trial court erred when it granted Defendant’s
motion to enforce the plea agreement. Accordingly, the trial court’s
ruling is vacated, and the matter is remanded to the trial court for
further proceedings.

Conery, J. dissents and would deny the writ finding the trial judge’s
decision to enforce the plea agreement was within his discretion and
was based on his greater familiarity with the parties and his findings
of fact.

State v. Griffin, 14-1315 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/11/15) (unpublished opinion), writ

denied, 15-540 (La. 4/17/15), 168 So.3d 405. Defense counsel now urges the trial

court was correct.

Significantly, however, the deference afforded to pre-trial decisions rendered

by this court is great and should not be disturbed unless it is apparent that the

decision was patently erroneous or the results produced thereby were unjust:

28

This court has held that great deference should be afforded to pre-trial
decisions:

Although a defendant may seek review of a pretrial
ruling even after a pretrial supervisory writ application is
denied, when the defendant does not present any
additional evidence on the issue after this pretrial ruling,
the issue can be rejected. State v. Hebert, 97-1742
(La.App. 3 Cir. 6/3/98), 716 So.2d 63, writ denied, 98-
1813 (La.11/13/98), 730 So.2d 455, cert. denied, 529
U.S. 1072, 120 S.Ct. 1685, 146 L.Ed.2d 492 (2000)
(quoting State v. Magee, 93-643, p. 2 (La.App. 3 Cir.
10/5/94), 643 So.2d 497, 499). However, “[j]udicial
efficiency demands that this court accord great deference
to its pre-trial decision unless it is apparent that the
determination was patently erroneous and produced
unjust results.” Hebert, 716 So.2d at 68. Our review of
the record reveals no additional evidence for the
defendant’s allegations of prosecutorial misconduct
which would support his pretrial motions.

State v. Perry, 12-298, p. 7 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/7/12), 101 So.3d 575,
580, writ denied, 12-2657 (La.5/24/13), 116 So.3d 659 (alteration in
original).

State v. Davis, 13-275, p. 48 (La.App. 3 Cir. 10/23/13), 129 So.3d 554, 584, writ

denied, 14-10 (La. 6/13/14), 140 So.3d 1186, cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct.

678 (2014).

In this case, because defense counsel fails to (1) set forth any additional

evidence or (2) prove this court’s pretrial ruling was patently erroneous or

produced an unjust result, we find this assignment of error is likewise meritless.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3:

The trial court erred in allowing the opinion testimony of Detective
Steven Ray Moss with regard to the nature of text messages.

Defense counsel in this assignment argues the trial court erred in allowing

the opinion testimony of Det. Moss, who was the VPSO evidence custodian, on the

nature of the copies of the text messages found under the armrest of the victim’s

vehicle at the scene. In its case-in-chief, the State questioned Det. Moss about

whether he read the messages and whether he had an interpretation of them. At

29

this point, the defense objected, arguing the documents spoke for themselves.

Thereafter, a bench conference was held, wherein the defense again argued the

documents were self-explanatory and, therefore, needed no interpretation. The

trial court overruled the objection, and the State continued its line of questioning,

inquiring why the detective took the messages into evidence. Det. Moss testified

that, in his opinion, they were evidence. Again over the defense’s objection, the

trial court allowed the State to ask the detective about the significance or meaning

of the messages:

Q. Detective Moss, at the time that you discovered these messages . . .
did you know that they had any significance in this case?

A. Only from looking at them and reading them and from the nature
of what I read, I knew that it was evidence and probably important in
the case and that’s why I took them into evidence.

Q. After you did so, why did you believe that?

A. From looking at the text messages they appeared to be of a
threatening nature and that’s why I took them into evidence.

The State then requested to publish the text messages to the jury. Another bench

conference was held, and the defense again objected to the State asking Det. Moss

to draw a conclusion. At that time, the defense requested the opportunity to cross-

examine the witness prior to the exhibits being published. The trial court overruled

the objection and allowed the exhibits to be published to the jury at that time. On

cross-examination, the defense asked Det. Moss if the text messages were mutually

threatening. The detective responded they were of a threatening manner, but he

could not recall how Perry replied to Defendant’s threats.

Defense counsel now argues that because (1) Det. Moss was not offered as

an expert, (2) his opinion was not offered to assist the jury in evaluating the

evidence, and (3) the State did not establish his opinion was based on his

30

experience as an officer, his opinion was that of a lay witness and, thus, was

improperly admitted.

In response, the State contends Det. Moss was not testifying in order to tell

the jury what the text messages meant. Rather, the State, citing La.Code Evid. art.

701, argues that, as a trained detective, Det. Moss could testify as to his opinion

and inferences when rationally based on his perception, even if not qualified as an

expert witness. Furthermore, the State argues admission of the testimony, if error,

was harmless. The State points out Det. Moss testified on cross-examination that

both the victim and Defendant were mad at each other and “trash talking” each

other. Moreover, the State contends sufficient evidence, excluding the detective’s

opinion, was introduced to prove beyond a reasonable doubt Defendant was guilty.

Our law limits the testimony of a lay witness given in the form of opinions

or inferences to those opinions or inferences that are rationally based on the

perception of the witness and are helpful to a clear understanding of the testimony

or the determination of a fact in issue. La.Code Evid. art. 701; State v. Keller, 09-

403 (La.App. 5 Cir. 12/29/09), 30 So.3d 919, writ denied, 10-267 (La. 9/17/10), 45

So.3d 1041. While we consistently permit a law officer to testify as to matters

within his personal knowledge acquired through experience without first being

qualified as an expert, only experts are allowed to give opinion testimony in areas

of specialized knowledge. See State v. LeBlanc, 05-885 (La.App. 1 Cir. 2/10/06),

928 So.2d 599. To determine whether the trial court properly allowed lay opinion

testimony, a reviewing court must ask two questions: “(1) was the testimony

speculative opinion evidence or simply a recitation of or inferences from fact based

upon the witness’s observations; and (2) if erroneously admitted, was the

testimony so prejudicial to the defense as to constitute reversible error.” Id. at 603.

31

“Testimony in the form of an opinion or inference otherwise
admissible is not to be excluded solely because it embraces an
ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact.” La. C.E. art. 704;
State v. Higgins, 03-1980 (La.4/1/05); 898 So.2d 1219, 1234, cert.
denied, 546 U.S. 883, 126 S.Ct. 182, 163 L.Ed.2d 187 (2005). In
other words, the fact an opinion or inference embraces an ultimate
issue in a case does not preclude its admissibility. La. C.E. art. 704,
Comment (c); State v. King, 99-1279 (La.App. 5 Cir. 4/25/00); 760
So.2d 540, 543, writs denied, 00-1452 and 00-1498 (La.3/16/01); 787
So.2d 298. The trial court is vested with much discretion in
determining which opinion testimony shall be received into evidence
as lay or expert testimony. State v. Friday, 10-2309 (La.App. 1 Cir.
6/17/11); 73 So.3d 913, 922, writ denied, 11-1456 (La.4/20/12); 85
So.3d 1258.

State v. Griffin, 14-251, pp. 21-22 (La.App. 5 Cir. 3/11/15), 169 So.3d 473, 487.

Relevant herein, the defendant in Griffin challenged a detective’s testimony

regarding the meaning of slang language used in a phone conversation, arguing the

detective was not an expert and so his opinion should have been excluded. The

Griffin court disagreed, holding:

Upon review, we find the trial court did not err in allowing Det.
Vasquez to testify as a lay witness under La. C.E. art. 701 as to
inferences regarding the contents of the recorded phone conversations
based on his own observations and experiences. In State v. Decay,
01-192 (La.App. 5 Cir. 9/13/01); 798 So.2d 1057, 1072-74, writ
denied, 01-2724 (La.8/30/02); 823 So.2d 939, this Court found a
trooper’s testimony interpreting “slang” in a telephone conversation to
be permissible lay testimony under La. C.E. art. 701, despite the
defendant’s argument that expert testimony was required and that the
trooper had not been qualified as an expert. The trooper in Decay
interpreted the defendant’s statement, “I be trying to get me about
two, bra,” to mean that the defendant wished to buy two kilograms of
cocaine. This Court determined that the trooper’s testimony was to
inferences made based on his observations and his experience of being
a State trooper for seven years.

....

Furthermore, we are persuaded by King v. United States, 74
A.3d 678 (D.C.2013), cited by the State, which interprets the Federal
Rules of Evidence upon which La. C.E. art. 701 is based. In King, the
defendant argued the trial court erred in allowing a police officer and
a detective to testify as lay witnesses as to the meaning of certain
“street lingo” used in recorded jailhouse phone calls. The defendant
maintained the officers were testifying about a specialized subject
beyond the understanding of the average lay person. The officers

32

explained that they based their “street lingo” interpretations on their
lengthy experience working on criminal investigations in the area and
regularly speaking about crime with young people in that community.
The appellate court found the trial court properly admitted the
officers’ testimony as lay witness testimony because “the witnesses
based their opinions on their personal experiences and observations
and used reasoning processes familiar to the average person in
everyday life to reach their proffered opinion.”

The appellate court explained that lay testimony is that which
“results from a process of reasoning familiar in everyday life,”
whereas “an expert’s testimony results from a process of reasoning
which can be mastered only by specialists in the field.” King, 74 A.3d
at 682 (internal citations omitted). The court concluded that the
“reasoning process employed to interpret the street language was the
everyday process of language acquisition” and that the officers “did
not use any special training or scientific or other specialized
professional knowledge to form their opinions about the meaning of
the language used by the individuals in this case.” Id. at 683.

In this case, Det. Vasquez testified as to his opinion of the
meaning of certain “slang” words in the recorded phone calls based on
his personal experiences and observations. Specifically, Det. Vasquez
stated that his knowledge was gained from his nine years of
experience as a police officer and the “countless” cases he has
investigated in the community. He explained that he has come to
understand the meaning of various slang terms through his contact
with and interviewing of various individuals during his employment
as a police officer. He further explained that he was able to identify
the various individuals in the phone calls from listening to “hundreds
of hours” of phone calls involving the defendants and his investigation
into the case.

Thus, we conclude that Det. Vasquez’s opinion was properly
admitted as lay testimony that resulted from his observations and
experiences as a police officer. We find his opinions resulted from
the “process of reasoning familiar in everyday life,” as opposed to “a
process of reasoning which can be mastered only by specialists in the
field.” Further, Det. Vasquez’s testimony provided the jury with
relevant factual information about the investigation, including the
meanings of terms used in the conversations and the identification of
the individuals referenced during the phone calls.

Id. at 487-89 (footnotes omitted).

Defense counsel herein argues Griffin is distinguishable because (1) the

State failed to ask Det. Moss the context and foundation for his opinion and (2) the

detective did not provide information that was useful to the jury in evaluating the

33

messages or defining the messages. To the contrary, we find this case is strikingly

similar to Griffin. Like the officer in Griffin, Det. Moss applied a process of

reasoning familiar in everyday life to interpret the text messages, and he did not

use any special training or scientific or other specialized professional knowledge to

form his opinion. For the reasons espoused herein, we find the trial court did not

err in allowing its admission. Therefore, this assignment of error is also without

merit.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 4:

The prosecutor permitted the false testimony of two co-
defendants, Andre Porter and Dontrez Banks, to be introduced at
the trial of this case, in violation of Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264,
79 S.Ct. 1173, 3 L.Ed. 2d 1217 (1959), thereby depriving Appellant
of a fair trial.

In this assignment, defense counsel asserts the State permitted the false

testimony of Porter and Banks in violation of Napue.4 Specifically, defense

counsel argues that both men testified they were present at the fight, but each

denied direct involvement in the altercation, while implicating the others.

Moreover, defense counsel argues that each man’s testimony not only contradicts

the other’s, their testimony also contradicts the facts submitted, without objection,

during their guilty pleas. Thus, defense counsel argues the State knew the

4
In State v. Everett, 11-714, p. 46 (La.App. 4 Cir. 6/13/12), 96 So.3d 605, 636, writs
denied, 12-1593, 12-1610 (La. 2/8/13), 108 So.3d 77, the court explained:

To prove a Napue claim, the defendant must show that the prosecutor
acted in collusion with the witness to facilitate false testimony. State v.
Broadway, 96-2659, p. 17 (La.10/19/99), 753 So.2d 801, 814. Furthermore,
fundamental fairness, i.e., due process, is offended “when the State, although not
soliciting false evidence, allows it to go uncorrected when it appears.” Napue,
360 U.S. at 269, 79 S.Ct. 1173. When false testimony has been given under such
circumstances, the defendant is entitled to a new trial unless there is no reasonable
likelihood that the alleged false testimony could have affected the outcome of the
trial. See Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 92 S.Ct. 763, 31 L.Ed.2d 104
(1972). However, the granting of a new trial based upon a Napue violation is
proper only if: (1) the statements at issue are shown to be actually false; (2) the
prosecution knew they were false; and (3) the statements were material. United
States v. O’Keefe, 128 F.3d 885, 893 (5th Cir.1997).

34

testimony was false and still presented it to the jury, depriving Defendant of a fair

trial. However, because the defense failed to object to the testimony of Porter and

Banks, we find any alleged error has been waived. La.Code Crim.P. art. 841; State

v. Blank, 16-213 (La. 5/13/16), 192 So.3d 93.

We turn now to Defendant’s pro se assignments of error. Notably,

Defendant, in his second assignment, challenges the sufficiency of the evidence.

Generally, we address sufficiency errors first because if there is merit to a

defendant’s claim, he or she would be entitled to an acquittal and the remaining

assignments of error would be moot. State v. Hearold, 603 So.2d 731 (La.1992).

Thus, we will address this assignment out of turn and then continue our discussion

of errors in numerical order.

PRO SE ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2:

There was insufficient evidence to convict petitioner of murder
during the distribution of illegal drugs.

Under well-established jurisprudence, the constitutional standard for

analyzing the sufficiency of the evidence is whether any rational factfinder could

have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt after

viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution. Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781 (1979); see also State v. Shupp, 15-695

(La.App. 3 Cir. 2/3/16), 185 So.3d 900. As we noted previously, the State indicted

Defendant on June 2, 2011, with first degree murder, a violation of La.R.S. 14:30.

On August 10, 2015, just prior to trial, the State amended its the indictment to a

violation of La.R.S. 14:30(A)(1) and (A)(6).

Louisiana Revised Statutes 14:30 provides, in pertinent part:

A. First degree murder is the killing of a human being:

(1) When the offender has specific intent to kill or to inflict
great bodily harm and is engaged in the perpetration or attempted

35

perpetration of aggravated kidnapping, second degree kidnapping,
aggravated escape, aggravated arson, aggravated or first degree rape,
forcible or second degree rape, aggravated burglary, armed robbery,
assault by drive-by shooting, first degree robbery, second degree
robbery, simple robbery, terrorism, cruelty to juveniles, or second
degree cruelty to juveniles.

....

(6) When the offender has the specific intent to kill or to inflict
great bodily harm while engaged in the distribution, exchange, sale, or
purchase, or any attempt thereof, of a controlled dangerous substance
listed in Schedules I, II, III, IV, or V of the Uniform Controlled
Dangerous Substances Law.

Relevant herein, the jury instruction given by the trial court provided, in part:

Thus, in order to convict the defendant of first degree murder,
you must find: (1) that the defendant killed Jason Perry; and (2) that
the defendant acted with specific intent to kill or inflict great bodily
harm; and (3) and either the defendant was engaged in the
commission or attempted commission of armed robbery, second
degree robbery, or simple robbery; or the distribution, exchange, sale,
purchase, or any attempt thereof of a controlled dangerous substance.

Like the unamended indictment, the verdict form only provided for the charge of

first degree murder without specifying any enumerated circumstances. The jury

returned a verdict of guilty of first degree murder on August 15, 2015.

Defendant now argues the State failed to prove he was engaged in a drug

transaction, asserting that (1) at the time of the murder, there was no evidence

Defendant engaged in any such drug transaction with the victim, and (2) the State

did not attempt to prove Defendant was engaged in a drug transaction.

Consequently, Defendant argues, the record evidence, viewed in a light most

favorable to the State, is insufficient to reasonably permit a finding that Defendant

was engaged in a drug transaction at the time of the subject homicide.

Accordingly, he asserts the State failed to prove Defendant’s guilt of “every”

essential element of the crime charged as required under Jackson.

36

Pursuant to the explicit language of La.R.S. 14:30, the legislature defines

“first degree murder as the killing of a human being when the offender has specific

intent to kill or to inflict great bodily harm under certain circumstances enumerated

in the statute.” State v. Thomas, 427 So.2d 428, 432 (La.1982). Therefore, it

follows that, “in order to convict an offender under this statute, the state must

prove one of the enumerated circumstances in addition to specific intent to kill or

to inflict great bodily harm.” Id. In this case, along with specific intent to kill or

to inflict great bodily harm, which Defendant has not challenged, the State,

pursuant to the amended indictment, had to prove either armed robbery or the drug

transaction.5

Notably, Defendant, through his attorney, filed a post-trial Motion in Arrest

of Judgment, asserting several grounds relevant to our discussion herein:

4.

The Defendant is charged in Count 1 of said indictment with
the offense of First Degree murder in violation of R.S. 14:30 (A) (1)
and (6).

5.

The Defendant is charged in Count 3 of said indictment with
the offense of armed robbery in violation of R.S. 14:64.

6.

The indictment and information contained in discovery
indicates [sic] the charges are based on the same alleged conduct.

7.

Each crime does not require proof of an element that the other
does not. Armed Robbery is a lesser included offense of 1 st degree
murder and respectively serves as the basis and underlying offense for
the murder charge. As such, satisfaction of all elements of 1 st degree
murder, under the fact pattern in this case, necessarily satisfies all

5
Although our review only focuses on armed robbery in light of the jury’s verdict, the
trial, as we previously quoted, also instructed the jury on second degree robbery and simple
robbery per La.R.S. 14:30(A)(1).

37

elements of armed robbery. Only 1st degree murder requires proof of
an additional element or elements than that of armed robbery, to-wit:
the killing of a human being when the offender has specific intent to
kill or inflict great bodily harm. Thus, to permit punishment under
both count 1, 1st degree murder, and count 3, armed robbery, subjects
defendant to jeopardy of being punished multiple times for the same
alleged conduct and constitutes double jeopardy in violation of the
United States Constitution, Fifth Amendment, Louisiana Constitution,
Article I, Section 15, and Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure,
Article 596.
8.

Trial was held from August 10, 2015 through August 15, 2015
and the Jury returned a verdict of guilty on counts 1, 2 and 3 of the
aforementioned indictment, thereby punishing Mr. Griffin multiple
times for the same alleged conduct and placing him in double
jeopardy in violation of the United States Constitution, Fifth
Amendment, Louisiana Constitution, Article I, Section 15, and
Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 596.

The trial court granted the motion and dismissed the armed robbery conviction on

the grounds of double jeopardy.

Because the State only had to prove either armed robbery or the drug

transaction, and Defendant was granted his double jeopardy motion based upon the

armed robbery as one of the enumerated circumstances used to prove first degree

murder, we need only review the record, in accordance with Jackson, to determine

if the State proved the armed robbery. If there was sufficient evidence to support

the armed robbery as an enumerated circumstance, there was no need for the State

to also prove a drug transaction under La.R.S. 14:30(A)(6).

The elements of armed robbery are “(1) a taking, (2) of anything of value,

(3) from the person or in the immediate control of another, (4) by the use of force

or intimidation, (5) while armed with a dangerous weapon.” Shupp, 185 So.3d at

919. Under the law of principals,

[t]he state may prove a defendant guilty by showing that he served as
a principal to the crime by aiding another. State v. Scroggins, 40,746
(La.App.2d Cir.3/22/06), 926 So.2d 64, writ denied, 06-0980
(La.11/3/06), 940 So.2d 655. Under this theory, the defendant need
not actually take anything to be found guilty of the crime. Id.; State v.

38

Dominick, 354 So.2d 1316 (La.1978). Also, a defendant convicted as
a principal need not have personally held a weapon to be guilty of
armed robbery. State v. Watson, 397 So.2d 1337 (La.1981), cert.
denied, 454 U.S. 903, 102 S.Ct. 410, 70 L.Ed.2d 222 (1981). A
person, who aids and abets another in a crime, is liable just as the
person who directly commits it. Id. A critical inquiry in robbery
cases involving principals is whether or not the alleged principal had
knowledge that the crime was going to take place. Id.

State v. Womack, 47,639, pp. 9-10 (La.App. 2 Cir. 1/16/13), 109 So.3d 418, 424,

writ denied, 13-304 (La. 9/20/13), 123 So.3d 163.

During the trial, the cassette tapes and transcripts of the recordings of

Defendant’s statements given to police on April 14 and 15, 2011 were admitted

into evidence. The State played those recordings for the jury and gave a copy of

each transcript to the jurors.

As we noted previously, in the statement given to police on April 14, 2011,

Defendant stated that he, Porter, and Banks went to the victim’s home to “get”

weed or hydro-marijuana. Later in the statement, Defendant clarified it was to

“rob” the victim of the marijuana.6 Upon arriving at the victim’s residence, an

altercation with the victim began, and Defendant, along with the other two men,

took everything out of the victim’s pockets. Defendant denied using any weapon.

As the three fled the scene, he recalled seeing Porter throw the victim’s cell phone

out of the car window.

In his April 15, 2011 statement given to police, Defendant again admitted

that he and his friends, Porter and Banks, planned to steal an ounce of hydro-

marijuana from the victim. Once at the victim’s residence, an altercation broke out

between Defendant and the victim. Defendant admitted he was carrying brass

6
Because the evidence shows Defendant, Porter, and Banks also took the victim’s cell
phone and wallet, which contained money, clearly items that fall within the definition of
“anything of value[,]” we do not have to rely on their having also taken the victim’s marijuana,
an illegal substance, to satisfy that element of the offense. Nevertheless, see State v. Boelyn, 432
So.2d 260, 262 (La.1983), which held that “funds, even if obtained from illegal drug sales and
not reported as income, clearly fell within the definition of ‘anything of value’.”

39

knuckles, which had a knife protruding from it. He also stated the group took the

victim’s phone, weed, and wallet. Defendant further recalled Porter and Banks spilt

the marijuana between themselves.

At trial, Porter testified that he drove Defendant and Banks to the victim’s

residence the night of the offense. He recalled an altercation between the three of

them and the victim. After the fight, the three returned to his vehicle, and he drove

away. While in the vehicle, Porter noticed that Defendant had brass knuckles, with

a blade attached, and that the blade was bloody. Additionally, he recalled, after

leaving the scene, while in the car, Defendant had the victim’s cell phone.

During trial, Banks testified that, on the night of the offense, he rode with

Defendant and Porter to the victim’s residence. He recalled that, once they arrived

and exited the vehicle, a fight ensued between Defendant and the victim. Banks

testified he believed Defendant was stabbing the victim, but explained he did not

see Defendant with a knife until the three were back in the vehicle, driving away

from the victim’s residence. Banks described the weapon to the jury as brass

knuckles with a blade off the end of it. He stated that Defendant was the only one

with a weapon. Although he testified that Porter joined in the fight and “went in

[the victim’s] pockets,” Banks explained that Porter was not armed with any kind

of weapon. According to Banks, Porter said he got the victim’s phone and wallet.

Additionally, Banks recalled seeing the victim’s phone and wallet in the vehicle as

they were leaving the victim’s residence. He testified Porter and Defendant split

the money found in the victim’s wallet. After the incident, Banks saw Defendant

and Porter split the weed taken from the victim, a known “dope dealer.”

Without a doubt, Porter, Banks, and Defendant all stated that Defendant,

while armed, took part in the robbery of the victim. Even excluding the drugs, the

testimony reflected the group took the victim’s cell phone and wallet, which

40

contained money. Thus, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, we find a trier of fact could conclude the State presented sufficient

evidence that Defendant was engaged in armed robbery at the time of the murder.

Because there is sufficient evidence to support the armed robbery as an

enumerated circumstance of La.R.S. 14:30, there is no need for us to address

whether or not sufficient evidence was presented to prove Defendant was engaged

in a drug transaction during the murder. Accordingly, we find this assignment of

error lacks merit.

PRO SE ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1:

The trial court’s instruction to the jurors on the definition of first
degree murder was a constructive amendment of the indictment.

In his first assignment, Defendant argues the trial court “constructively

amended” the indictment when it instructed the jurors they could convict him of

first degree murder by finding the killing occurred during the armed robbery or

during the “distribution of illegal drugs.”

As noted earlier, Defendant filed a pro se motion to quash the indictment in

the trial court. In the motion, he complained the indictment failed to set forth

specific allegations regarding the first degree murder charge. As a result, in open

court, the State amended the bill of indictment to include sections (A)(1) and

(A)(6) of La.R.S. 14:30, after which Defendant’s attorney stated, in pertinent part:

Your Honor, that matter is clear. Your Honor, we’ve submitted
the motion to the Court. Basically, you know, it’s our contention that
the original indictment was defective. At this time, however, it’s been
amended, it specifically laid out the elements. Obviously, I’ll never
object to more specificity in an indictment, but at this point I think the
Court just has to analyze whether it’s proper according to law. If it is
the motion can be denied and if it’s not the motion can be granted
from here.

BY THE COURT:

41

I’m going to deny the motion to quash. The State has amended
the Bill of Information (sic) to address any potential issues that were
brought by the motion to quash.

First, we acknowledge that “[w]hen an indictment is amended, unless a

defendant moves for a continuance on the ground that he is prejudiced thereby and

requires additional time to prepare his defense, he cannot later contend that he was

prejudiced by the amendment.” State v. Williams, 347 So.2d 184, 186 (La.1977);

see also State v. Lafleur, 13-1082 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/5/14), 134 So.3d 167. Because

the defense did not request a continuance, Defendant has waived review of any

defect in the amendment itself.

As to the trial court’s constructive amendment, Defendant argues in

pertinent part:

The trial judge’s use of the disjunctive conjunction “or” allow
[sic] the jurors to find appellant guilty of first degree murder, where
there may have been evidence adequate to rest a guilty verdict,
pursuant to either sections (1) ‘or’ section (6) of the first degree
murder statute, relieved the state of it’s [sic] burden of proving
appellant’s guilt of every essential element of the crime he was
charged with. In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970) (“the
prosecution has the burden of production on every element of the
offense charged. If the (prosecution) fails to produce sufficient
evidence for any element thereby not bringing the fact into issue,
the judge may direct a verdict in the defendant’s favor”). See Lafave,
Criminal Law § 1. 8 (5th ed. 2010); McCormick, Evidence § § 336-
337 (6th ed. 2006).

Although the trial court’s instruction, which is set forth above, provided two

alternatives as to the enumerated circumstances, Defendant cites no cases in

support of his assertion the trial court erred in doing so. To the contrary, in State v.

Johnson, 541 So.2d 818, 827 (La.1989), the supreme court explained: “In every

homicide case, the prosecutor is free to attempt to establish that the defendant’s

conduct satisfied any or all of the definitions of first degree murder[.]” Moreover,

“[a] jury is not constitutionally required to agree on a single theory to convict a

defendant where it is instructed as to alternative theories.” State v. Seals, 09-1089,

42

p. 81 (La.App. 5 Cir. 12/29/11), 83 So.3d 285, 346, writ denied, 12-293 (La.

10/26/12), 99 So.3d 53, cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 2796 (2013).

Accordingly, we find Defendant fails to establish how the trial court’s jury

instruction was improper or how it relieved the State from its burden of proof.

This assignment of error also lacks merit.

PRO SE ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3:

Appellant was denied his right to a complete defense when the trial
court sustained the state’s objection to appellant’s trial counsel’s
cross examination of the state’s witness[es] as to their admissions of
guilt during guilty plea trials

In this assignment, Defendant argues he was denied the right to a complete

defense when the trial court sustained the State’s objection to defense counsel’s

cross-examination of the State’s witnesses as to their admissions of guilt during

their guilty plea proceedings. Specifically, Defendant asserts his attorney wanted

to show the co-defendants had the same culpability as he did; thus, he argues that

he should have been found guilty of manslaughter like they were. Defendant

contends the trial court improperly limited cross-examination of the co-defendants

and violated his right to confront and cross-examine the witnesses against him.

However, Defendant fails to specify which objections at trial he is referring

to and does not include page references. Uniform Rules—Courts of Appeal, Rule

2-12.4 provides a brief shall include a suitable reference by page number to the

place in the record that contains the basis for the alleged error. See State v. Rouser,

14-613 (La.App. 4 Cir. 1/7/15), 158 So.3d 860; State v. Lewis, 09-846 (La.App. 3

Cir. 4/7/10), 33 So.3d 1046, writ denied, 10-967 (La. 11/24/10), 50 So.3d 825.

43

Furthermore, the record reflects Defendant confronted and cross-examined both of

the co-defendants.7 Accordingly, we deny this assignment of error.

PRO SE ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 4:

Appellant has been denied [h]is right to appeal where the court
refuses to provide appellant with copies of voir dire transcripts.

In his original brief, Defendant complained he requested, from this court, the

voir dire transcript to be supplemented based upon a possible Batson issue.8

Additionally, Defendant filed a motion in this court requesting supplementation of

the record.

In support of his assertion that he needed the voir dire transcript, Defendant

set forth the following allegations and assertions:

After the following strikes by the state, appellant was left with
an all white petiti [sic] jury. Perspective [sic] juror number five (5)
Mr. Ancheta, Nasstaani, Kawi,k [sic] was struck by the State for no
expressed reason, other than the fact that he is [A]sian and knows
appellant. Perspective [sic] jurors number sixty[-]one (61) Ms.
Porche, Teri Lunett; and member two hundred [and] twenty[-]two
(222) Ms. Wisner, Angela Ann are both female African Americans,
were struck by the State for a simple hardship issue which could
easily have been resolved, by adjourning court before night fall,
despite their indicating that they could judge the law and facts on this
case and return a verdict consistent with their sworn duty.

Perspective [sic] juror number twenty[-]nine (29) Mr. David
Lee Brown, the only African American male remaining, was struck by
the state for only the reason that the juror expressed a desire to not
serve.

There is a possible Batson violation on this record, but there is
little or no way for appellant to demonstrate the unreasonableness of
the states [sic] strikes with respect to these four (4) perspective [sic]

7
At trial, co-defendants, Porter and Banks, testified they pleaded guilty to manslaughter.
Both were cross-examined about their pleas. Additionally, a copy of the transcript of the guilty
plea proceedings was introduced into the record. Defense counsel read the factual basis set forth
by the State at the guilty plea proceedings into the record. In the recitation of the factual basis
for both co-defendants, Defendant’s attorney stated, “a fight ensued involving all parties, . . . as a
result of that the victim, Mr. Perry, died as a result of that altercation.”
8
In Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712 (1986), the Supreme Court forbade
racial discrimination by use of peremptory challenges during jury selection.

44

jurors, in compares [sic] with others who actually served, without the
transcripts.

Perspective [sic] juror number sixty[-]nine (69) on Patricia N
Farris said that she was in school with the victim, that she didn’t know
what appellant and the victim got into it about, but he, the victim was
always real sweet, and she couldn’t understand how this could happen
to someone so sweet, and that as a result that she couldn’t bring back
a just verdict. Ms. Farris said all of this in the presence of the
perspective [sic] juror’s [sic] without any curative instructions from
the court.

An out of court hearing was held, involving three other
perspective [sic] jurors who were said to have voiced bias [sic]
opinions about the case, and against appellant. Perspective [sic] jurors
numbers 140, 119, and 129; Aleta Moss, Lavenda Ke[a]tts, Wanda
Liliedahl were only told by the judge to not speak or comment on
anything going on in the court room.

Despite Ms. Lavenda [K]eatts involvement in the questionable
behavior, she was seated as juror number two (2) in this case.

. . . . “the appellate court should only reverse a ruling where a
reviewing of the entire voir dire reveals that the trial court abused its
discretion.” State v. Odenbaugh, 10-0268, p. 24 (La.12/6/11), 82
So.3d 215, 237. Prejudice is presumed when a challenge for cause is
erroneously denied by a trial court and the defendant has exhausted all
of his peremptory challenges.” Id.

Thus, “to establish reversible error warranting reversal of a
conviction and sentence, a defendant must demonstrate (1) erroneous
denial of a challenge for cause; and (2) the use of all his peremptory
challenges.” Id. (quoting State v. Robertson, 92 2660 p. 4 (La.
1/14/94), 630 So.2d 1278, 1284.

This appeal court is bound by law that it “... should only reverse
a ruling where a review of the entire voir dire reveals that the trial
court abused its discretion.”

The entire voir dire transcript are [sic] missing in this case as
such, appellant is being denied full review of a substantial portion of
his trial record for errors[]. State v. Landry, supra entitling him to
reversal of his conviction. La. Const. Art. 1 § 19; La. C.Cr. P. Art.
843.

On November 14, 2016, we ordered the record supplemented with the voir

dire transcript and issued additional briefing notices following receipt of the

45

supplemental record. Both Defendant and the State submitted supplemental briefs

to this court, which we will address infra in the supplemental assignment section.

PRO SE ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 5:

Appellant suffered ineffective assistance of trial counsel under two
separate theorys [sic]. . . :

a) trial counsel’s failure to seek a mistrial or
maintain an objection to the court proceeding to trial
with a petit[] jury tainted by predisposed comments of
appellant’s guilt was ineffective assistance of counsel;
and

b) [c]ounsel’s failure to object to the erroneous jury
instruction was ineffective assistance of counsel.

In this assignment, Defendant contends his attorney was ineffective. To

prove his attorney was, in fact, ineffective, Defendant must show (1) his attorney

was deficient, and (2) he suffered prejudice because of this deficiency. Strickland

v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984). As this court has explained:

The Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides a
defendant with assistance of counsel for his or her defense. See also
La. Const. art. 1, § 13. According to Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), a defendant seeking
to establish ineffective assistance of counsel must prove that 1) the
defense attorney’s performance was deficient and that 2) the
deficiency prejudiced the outcome of the trial.

With regard to the question of whether the defense attorney’s
performance was deficient, “defense attorneys are entitled to a strong
presumption that their conduct fell within the broad range of
reasonable professional assistance.” State v. James, 95-962, p. 5
(La.App. 3 Cir. 2/14/96), 670 So.2d 461, 465, citing United States v.
Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 104 S.Ct. 2039, 80 L.Ed.2d 657 (1984) and
Strickland, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052.

Additionally, the defendant must demonstrate that the deficient
assistance of counsel prejudiced his defense. State v. Jones, 33,657
(La.App. 2 Cir. 8/23/00), 765 So.2d 1191, writ denied, 00-2779
(La.6/29/01), 794 So.2d 825. In short, the errors must have been so
serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial. Id., citing Strickland,
466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052. It is not sufficient for a defendant to
show that the complained-of error had some conceivable effect on the
trial’s outcome. Id. Rather, the defendant is required to establish that,
but for the error, “there is a reasonable probability the outcome of the

46

trial would have been different.” Id. at 1199. See also State v.
Truehill, 09-1546 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/2/10), 38 So.3d 1246.

State v. Walton, 11-1085, pp. 6-7 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/4/12), 87 So.3d 328, 332-33,

writ denied, 12-875 (La. 10/26/12), 99 So.3d 639.

Our courts have recognized that claims for ineffective assistance of counsel

are more properly raised in applications for post-conviction relief, thus enabling

the trial court to order a full evidentiary hearing. State v. Burkhalter, 428 So.2d

449 (La.1983); State v. Seiss, 428 So.2d 444 (La.1983). Nevertheless, we have

also found that, “where the record contains evidence sufficient to decide the issue,

and the issue is raised on appeal by an assignment of error, the issue should be

considered.” State v. Dugas, 96-49, p. 11 (La.App. 3 Cir. 10/9/96), 683 So.2d

1253, 1259, writ denied, 96-2652 (La. 4/4/97), 692 So.2d 417.

First, Defendant argues his attorney failed to seek a mistrial or to make an

objection based on the grounds that the petit jury was tainted by predisposed

comments of his guilt.9 Without benefit of the voir dire transcript, however,

Defendant, in his initial briefing, failed to specify which jurors he is referring to

9
Specifically, Defendant alleges “some of the member [sic] of the petit[] jury had formed
a predisposed verdict of guilt in this case, and had discussed their belief with other jurors, one of
whom ended up serving on the jury, prejudiced him to a disadvantage.” Moreover, he complains:

After a brief hearing, per counsel’s request, the Court admonished the
jurors that they were not to discuss the case among themselves. Obviously, the
judge was much too late with this instruction. Coupled with the fact that perhaps
there was nothing that the judge could do to change the jurors [sic] minds about
what they believed or didn’t believe at that point, the judge, in fact, did nothing,
made no attempts to addressing [sic] the actual prejudicial remarks that were
overheard being said by some of the perspective [sic] jurors, and nor did
appellant’s attorney object to the Court’s actions and inactions. Had appellant’s
attorneys moved the court for a mistrial, where it became obvious that one juror
who was questioned by the judge during the mini-hearing changed her story twice
and even then maintained a lie about what she said; [i]f what she claims she said
is compared against what the court officer says that she overheard, there’s a
reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different,
as there are strong indications that some of the jurors were out to convict
appellant, and were willing to lie under oath, in their efforts to ensure themselves
a place on the jury while others may have been willing to lie to cover up the fact
that they clearly overheard all of the prejudicial comments.

47

and what specifically the jurors allegedly said that was prejudicial. In his

supplemental filings, Defendant fleshes out his voir dire claims, and therefore, we

defer discussion of these insufficiency issues at this point, finding it preferable to

address them in our discussion of Defendant’s supplemental assignment infra.

Second, Defendant contends his attorney was ineffective for failing to object

to the trial court’s instruction that he committed the homicide “while in the

perpetration of an armed robbery ‘and’ the distribution of illegal drugs.” Again,

Defendant contends the State failed to provide any evidence of “distribution of

drugs by appellant.” The record before this court is sufficient to review this issue.

As noted above, the jury instruction given by the trial court set forth the

elements the jury had to find to convict Defendant of first degree murder, i.e.,

Defendant killed Perry with specific intent to kill or inflict great bodily harm while

Defendant “was engaged in the commission or attempted commission of armed

robbery, second degree robbery, or simple robbery, or the distribution, exchange,

sale, purchase, or any attempt thereof of a controlled dangerous substance.”

Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 802 provides the trial court shall

charge the jury as to the law applicable to the case. As noted in our discussion of

Defendant’s second pro se assignment of error, the State is free to attempt to

establish Defendant’s conduct satisfied any or all of the definitions of first degree

murder, and a jury can be instructed as to alternative theories. Johnson, 541 So.2d

818; Seals, 83 So.3d 285. Thus, Defendant fails to prove how his attorney was

deficient in failing to object to the jury instruction. Accordingly, we find this

assignment of error is meritless.

In his pro se supplemental brief, Defendant again raises the issue of his trial

counsel’s ineffectiveness. We turn now to his assignment of error raised therein.

SUPPLEMENTAL PRO SE ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

48

Petitioner’s Trial Counsel rendered him ineffective Assistance
at Trial when he[:] (1) failed to object to the entire voir dire
proceedings; (2) failed to seek a mistrial after hearing a perspective
[sic] juror taint the entire jury pool with prejudicial opinions of
guilt; (3) failed to request individual questioning of perspective [sic]
jurors during voir; and (4) failed to object to the systematic
exclusion of all of the blacks from his jury.

In his first two arguments, Defendant again asserts his attorney failed to

object to the entire voir dire proceedings or move for a mistrial when a prospective

juror tainted the entire jury pool. Adding to the allegations advanced in his fifth pro

se assignment of error, Defendant claims:

See Trial Transcript, pages 10 through 26 for a complete and
detailed account of all of the events leading up to, and involving the
questioning of perspective [sic] jurors, Moss, Keatts and Liliedahl in a
mini hearing about their conversations about their beliefs of
Petitioner’s guilt of the crime charged, and how they lied in their
efforts to avoid possible sanctions for their misconduct.

Attorney Micheal Antoon, and Office Administrator, Ms.
Jennifer Prewitt, both went on record testifying that they had
overheard..[sic] “a lot of talk among the jurors about Petitioner’s
guilt.”

One perspective [sic] juror, “Aleta Moss #140, was warned
twice to stop her talk and she refused and kept talking.”

Ms. Prewitt testified at length about who and what she heard.
Ms. Prewitt in fact testified to overhearing the exact same prejudicial
comments that Attorney Antoon heard, Ms. Prewitt testified that she
heard the following. “Why are ‘we’ here, that he was, you know, it
was [a] waste of time, he was guilty, ‘they’ didn’t understand why he
wasn’t shackled to the table, do you see him looking around, he’s
trying to figure out how he can escape.”

Despite being clearly overheard by Attorney Antoon and his
assistant, Ms. Prewitt, when questioned by Attn. Antoon as to if she
had made any comments about guilt or innocence, Moss denied doing
so[] and went on trying to downplay her obvious guilt by admitting
her involvement in the conversations in question, but claiming that
she only expressed a curiosity of why wasn’t Petitioner in shackles.

Also despite this chain of events, Petitioner’s defense attorney
Vamvoras went along with the State’s attorney [sic] wish to not even
question the other two perspective [sic] jurors as to their degree of
involvement in their obvious efforts to contaminate the jury pool with
unsubstantiated prejudicial opinions.

49

The mini hearing was concluded by all of the attorneys and the
Court concluding [sic] that this matter would be addressed during the
actual voir dire proceedings. (Citations omitted).

Defendant urges juror Keatts lied when she told the trial court she did not hear

anyone talk about it being a waste of time to try Defendant because he was guilty.

Additionally, he notes potential juror Liliedahl denied hearing the prejudicial

comments, although she was in the area when they were said.

Defendant further argues the trial court erred in questioning Moss, Keatts,

and Liliedahl in front of the other jurors, explaining:

It was clearly an abuse of the Court[’]s discretion for the Court
to permit all of the jurors to be questioned in a group as to what, if
anything was overheard, Moss, Keatts, and Liliedahl discussing
regarding this (first degree murder) capital case. No one wants to
called [sic] or seen as as [sic] a rat or snitch in the eyes of others, even
if it maybe [sic] the right thing to do.

Snitching frequently results in injuries or death. Some of the
jurors, who lived in or near each others [sic] community’s [sic] may
have feared for their safety. When the Court grouped the jurors
together during voir dire, in this case, the Court put a chilling effect
on the jurors [sic] decision to be forthright about what they obviously
heard Moss, Keatts, and Liliedahl discussing.

He concludes his attorney was ineffective for failing to file a motion to quash,

object, or seek a mistrial for the tainted jury.

In response, the State explains that Defendant’s attorney and the State both

questioned jurors “prior to seating them to determine whether they could decide

the case based on the evidence that would be presented.” The State asserts

Defendant had a fair jury, and the jury found him guilty based upon the evidence.

Further, the State argues Defendant failed to provide any evidence that the jury

was improperly drawn and asserts there was no ineffective assistance of counsel.

Pursuant to La.Code Crim.P. art. 775, a mistrial must be granted, on motion

of the defense, when “prejudicial conduct in or outside the courtroom makes it

50

impossible for the defendant to obtain a fair trial[.]” See also State v. Surratt, 05-

1406 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/7/06), 932 So.2d 736, writs denied, 06-2100, 06-2102 (La.

6/1/07), 957 So.2d 165. However, such a drastic remedy is warranted only when

“the defendant has suffered substantial prejudice such that he cannot receive a fair

trial.” State v. Wessinger, 98-1234, p. 24 (La. 5/28/99), 736 So.2d 162, 183, cert.

denied, 528 U.S. 1050, 120 S.Ct. 589 (1999); see also State v. Bates, 495 So.2d

1262 (La.1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1042, 107 S.Ct. 1986 (1987).

Potential juror Prewitt, an office administrator for the Public Defender’s

Office, testified outside the presence of the prospective jurors regarding

disconcerting statements she had heard from some of the potential jurors. She

recalled hearing some of the potential jurors discussing “why we were here, that he

was, you know, it was a waste of time, he was guilty, they didn’t understand why

he wasn’t shackled and chained to the table, do you see him looking around, he’s

trying to figure out how he can escape.” Based upon Prewitt’s testimony, the

attorneys questioned several potential jurors about the statements.

The attorneys also questioned potential juror Moss outside the presence of

the prospective jurors, and the following pertinent exchange occurred between

Moss and the defense:

Q. Thank you very much. Do you recall hearing any comments this
morning with regard to Mr. Griffin or the defense in general that were
cast in a negative light said by other jurors or by yourself, perhaps?

A. My main comment for the entire day was that everything’s going
so slowly and I’m just frustrated and tired.

Q. Okay.

A. And I expressed this opinion to the lady sitting beside me.

Q. Okay. Is there anything else that comes to mind that you may have
said or that you may have heard with regard to Mr. Griffin specifically
or the defense?

51

A. Not to the defense, you know.

Q. Okay, okay.

A. Let me - -

Q. Sure.

A. - - add this comment, when I heard - - the major main defense
lawyer’s name I just said, he must be from out of town or something
to that effect.

The trial court also questioned Moss:

BY THE COURT:

Q. Anything about wearing shackles or not shackled?

A. Yes, I did say something - - we were in the court and there were
very few people here and the defendant was looking around the room,
I said, I wonder if he’s shackled to the table or something to that
effect. I did say that, yes, sir.

BY THE COURT:

Okay.

A. With no malice intended, I was just wondering, you know. There
were just very few people in the court at that time and he was there by
himself and all the lawyers were all gone, you know. There was
nothing personal, just wondering if he was somehow confined to that
table, you know.

The minute entry and the transcript do not indicate Moss was seated as a juror.

Juror Keatts was questioned in the presence of the prospective jury panel.

She recalled one of the ladies from the jury panel expressed her concern that

Defendant was not being monitored when everyone was out of the courtroom or if

Defendant was handcuffed or shackled. Keatts did not recall any comments about

Defendant’s guilt. When asked by one of the Defendant’s attorneys, “Do you think

. . . that the jury selection process is a waste of time and that we should just find

Mr. Griffin guilty and go forward?” she responded, “No, it’s a valuable process.”

Juror Keatts was also questioned about whether she would feel pressured to find

52

Defendant guilty because of her relationship with her friends and relatives who

worked at the sheriff’s office. She responded her relationships would not sway

her. Additionally, juror Keatts indicated she could find Defendant guilty of a

lesser charge. Ultimately, she was sworn in as a juror.

Also in the presence of other prospective jury members, potential juror

Liliedahl denied hearing any conversation about Defendant not being shackled and

being in the area where the conversation allegedly took place. Liliedahl was

excused by a peremptory challenge used by Defendant’s attorney, and she did not

serve as a juror.

Although Keatts and Liliedahl were questioned in front of the other jurors

regarding comments made by a potential juror about Defendant, Defendant fails to

prove what prejudice, if any, he suffered. Keatts, who served as a juror, indicated

she could be fair to Defendant. Liliedahl indicated she did not hear any negative

comments about Defendant, and she did not serve on the jury. Furthermore, the

record indicates neither Moss nor Prewitt served on the jury. Thus, we find

Defendant fails to prove his attorney erred when he did not to object to the entire

voir dire proceedings or move for a mistrial based upon the allegation of a tainted

jury pool.

Next, Defendant argues his attorney failed to request individual questioning

of the prospective jurors during voir dire in this “special circumstances case[,]”

which requires “individualized sequestered voir dire.” He explains the special

circumstance was that “a large number of perspective [sic] jurors were in fact

exposed to repeated, highly prejudicial, predisposed opinions of Petitioner’s guilt.”

The State responds there is no requirement or right for individual

questioning; thus, there was no error by defense counsel.

53

In support of his claim that his counsel should have questioned the jurors

individually, Defendant cites State v. Comeaux, 514 So.2d 84, 88 (La.1987), in

which the supreme court held:

There is no provision in our law which either prohibits or
requires the sequestration of prospective jurors for an individual voir
dire. The manner in which the veniremen are called and the scope of
examination are left to the court’s discretion. La.Code Crim.P. art.
784; Id., Comment (c); La.Code Crim.P. art. 786; State v. Kirkpatrick,
443 So.2d 546 (La.1983), cert. denied, 466 U.S. 993, 104 S.Ct. 2374,
80 L.Ed.2d 847 (1984); State v. Willie, 410 So.2d 1019 (La.1982),
cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1051, 104 S.Ct. 1327, 79 L.Ed.2d 723 (1984).
The burden is on the defendant to show that the court abused its
discretion in refusing to sequester the venire at voir dire. Kirkpatrick,
supra. A trial court has the discretion to permit individual voir dire if
a defendant can demonstrate that special circumstances are present.
La.Code Crim.P. art. 3; State v. Lindsey, 404 So.2d 466 (La.1981).
Absent special circumstances, the trial court does not err in refusing
requests for individual voir dire. The fact that defendant’s case is
capital does not by virtue of that fact alone establish a “special
circumstance” requiring a variation from the general rule of trial court
discretion. State v. Wingo, 457 So.2d 1159 (La.1984), cert. denied,
471 U.S. 1030, 105 S.Ct. 2049, 85 L.Ed.2d 322 (1985).

However, as noted above, Defendant failed to prove he suffered any

prejudice by the alleged improper statements made or heard by Moss, Keatts, and

Liliedahl. Keatts, the only one who served on the jury, was questioned by the

Defendant’s attorney and indicated she could be fair. Thus, we find Defendant

failed to prove individual sequestration was required and so failed to prove his

attorney was ineffective for failing to request it.

Defendant then asserts his attorney failed to object “to the systematic

exclusion of all of the blacks from his jury[,]” arguing:

First, it was decided by the Court that a complete group of (12)
twelve persons would be called for voir dire examination.

Second, it was decided by the Courts [sic] that the Court would
wait until all but the last perspective [sic] juror was tentatively seated
before any challenges or strikes would be used.

54

Of the entire groups, of 12, 7, 4 and 4 of perspective [sic] jurors
called on voir dire, in this case, only two were black, Mr. Donald
Rock and Ms. Teri L. Porche.

Instead of the Court excusing Mr. Rock when he excused the
first thirty[-]four (34) perspective [sic] jurors, the Court waited until
he was conducting voir dire of his first (12) twelve perspective [sic]
jurors, to do so.

The remaining perspective [sic] jurors were all available for
viewing by the Court and prosecutor(s), as such, they knew that only
one perspective [sic] black juror remained.

This one black female, perspective [sic] juror, Ms. Porche was
called among the second group of seven (7) perspective [sic] jurors
for voir dire examination. Much like Mr. Rock, the other black
perspective [sic] juror that the Court excused upon his request; the
Court also had been asked by Ms. Porche to be excused for only the
reason that she needed to timely pick up her grandchildren.[10]
(Citations omitted).

Defendant claims the State requested a peremptory strike of Porche, without

stating a race neutral reason, and sought to keep Keatts instead. He contends that,

had Porche been kept on the jury, he would have been found not guilty because the

empanelled jury returned an eleven-to-one verdict.

A review of the voir dire transcript indicates the State did make a

peremptory challenge to Porche. The State pointed out Porche expressed that she

did not want to serve and that she had problems with her grandchildren, which was

a “neutral reason for her challenge.” It further explained the trial court had denied

a challenge for cause. Defense counsel responded that he desired the record to

reflect Porche was an African-American female. However, counsel did not object

or make a Batson challenge.

Although Defendant states the race of the potential jurors in his briefs to this

court, the record does not reflect the race of any of the jurors except Porche.

Furthermore, the racial make-up of the jury was not set forth on the record, and the

10
The defense released potential juror Rock for cause based on a medical hardship.

55

record does not reflect that the defense raised either an objection or a Batson

challenge during or at the conclusion of voir dire.

In State ex rel. Sparkman v. State, 15-1726 (La. 10/17/16), 202 So.3d 488,

the defendant, on post-conviction, sought review of his trial counsel’s

ineffectiveness in failing to object to racial discrimination during jury section. In a

per curiam opinion, the supreme court found the defendant failed to prove his

claim, citing Strickland. Additionally, the supreme court adopted the district

court’s written reasons for denying the defendant’s application, which provided, in

pertinent part:

In Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d
69 (1986), the United States Supreme Court held that the use of
peremptory challenges to exclude persons from a jury based on their
race violates the Constitution’s Equal Protection Clause. The
Louisiana legislature passed LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 795(C) which prohibits
the use of peremptory challenges based solely on race or gender.
There are a number of steps that must each be proven in order to
prevail on a Batson claim.

In addition to the high burden of proving counsel was
ineffective, the court also finds the petitioner’s reliance on Batson
misplaced. To prevail on a Batson claim, it must be proven that the
peremptory challenges on race or gender were in fact made, if so, the
prosecutor is given an opportunity to state a race-neutral reason for
the strike. If the prosecutor fails to do so, the trial court must decide if
the defendant met his burden of proving intentional racial
discrimination. See State v. Green, 655 So.2d 272, 287 (La. 1995).

None of the necessary steps were proven in this case. The
record establishes that the petitioner was represented at trial by an
experienced criminal defense attorney, Marquita Naquin. As counsel
for the petitioner, it was her duty to raise issues before and during the
trial, if she believed them to be well-founded. In addition, in his
memorandum, the petitioner asserts four black jurors were struck,
demonstrating discrimination. However, within the record, there is no
reflection of the race of any prospective or actual jurors.

For these reasons, the petitioner has not made a valid Batson
claim or a valid claim that one should have been raised. There is
nothing in this record to cause this court to substitute its judgment for
defense counsel’s judgment during trial or on appeal. In fact, it
appears trial and appellate counsel performed well in their
representation of the petitioner, despite overwhelming evidence.

56

Sparkman, 202 So.3d at 491-92.

As in Sparkman, the record in this case establishes Defendant was

represented at trial by experienced criminal defense attorneys. Additionally,

although Defendant claims the State purposefully discriminated against black

jurors, the record only reflects the race of one of the prospective jurors, Porche.

Furthermore, as noted above, when the State made a peremptory challenge to

Porche, one of Defendant’s attorneys noted for the record Porche’s race, and the

State explained Porche expressed that (1) she did not want to serve and (2) she had

problems with her grandchildren—race neutral reasons. The defense made no

objection after the State gave a race neutral reason for the prospective juror’s

dismissal. Accordingly, pursuant to Sparkman, we find nothing in this record that

would cause this court to substitute its judgment for defense counsel’s judgment

during voir dire. This assignment of error likewise lacks merit.

DECREE

For the reasons discussed above, Defendant’s convictions and sentences for

the first degree murder of Jason Perry and for conspiracy to commit armed robbery

of Jason Perry are affirmed.

AFFIRMED.

57