State of Louisiana v. Desmyne Joseph Henry

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

19-65

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

DESMYNE JOSEPH HENRY

**********

APPEAL FROM THE
FOURTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF CALCASIEU, NO. 8159-17
HONORABLE DAVID ALEXANDER RITCHIE, DISTRICT JUDGE

**********

D. KENT SAVOIE
JUDGE

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Court composed of Elizabeth A. Pickett, D. Kent Savoie, and Candyce G. Perret,
Judges.

CONVICTIONS AFFIRMED; SENTENCES VACATED; AND

REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.

John Foster DeRosier
Calcasieu Parish District Attorney
Elizabeth Brooks Hollins
Assistant District Attorney
Post Office Box 3206
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70602-3206
(337) 437-3400
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
State of Louisiana

Annette Fuller Roach
Louisiana Appellate Project
Post Office Box 1747
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70602-1747
(337) 436-2900
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT:
Desmyne Joseph Henry

SAVOIE, Judge.

On April 11, 2017, Defendant, Desmyne Joseph Henry, was charged with

one count of distribution of a Schedule 1 controlled dangerous substance (synthetic

marijuana), a violation of La.R.S. 40:966(A)(1), and one count of introducing

contraband into jail, a violation of La.R.S. 14:402(A). The second count was

subsequently amended to charge a violation of La.R.S. 14:402(E) instead of

La.R.S. 14:402(A). After a three-day trial, on October 12, 2017, a unanimous jury

found Defendant guilty of one count of distribution of a Schedule I controlled

dangerous substance (synthetic marijuana) and one count of possession or

introduction of contraband in jail. Defendant filed a Motion for New Trial, which

was denied by the trial court on October 27, 2017.

On October 20, 2017, the State filed a habitual offender bill, alleging

Defendant to be a fourth or subsequent felony offender. Thereafter, on January 5,

2018, the trial court adjudicated Defendant a fourth or subsequent felony offender

and sentenced Defendant as a fourth habitual offender for distribution of a

Schedule 1 controlled dangerous substance to life imprisonment without benefit of

probation, parole, or suspension of sentence. The trial court ordered the sentence

to run concurrently with any previously imposed sentences and with any other

sentence. For possession or introduction of contraband in jail, the trial court

sentenced Defendant to five years, to run concurrently with any other sentences.

On February 8, 2018, Defendant filed a “Motion for Amendment, Modification or

Reconsideration of Sentence,” which was denied by the trial court on December

14, 2018.

On March 21, 2018, Defendant filed a Motion for Appeal, which was

granted by the trial court on June 11, 2018. Now before the court is a brief filed by

Defendant alleging five assignments of error – two alleging insufficiency of the

evidence as to both convictions; one alleging the trial court erroneously allowed

the introduction of other crimes evidence; one alleging improper argument as to

Defendant’s failure to testify; and the final one alleging the mandatory life

sentence was excessive in this case. For the reasons that follow, we affirm

Defendant’s convictions, vacate Defendant’s sentences, and remand this matter

with instructions.

FACTS

On March 3, 2017, Defendant was an inmate at Calcasieu Correctional

Center. Defendant gave another inmate a tissue containing synthetic marijuana

and instructed the inmate as to where to deliver the substance.

ERRORS PATENT

In accordance with La.Code Crim.P. art. 920, all appeals are reviewed for

errors patent on the face of the record. After reviewing the record, we find there is

an error patent concerning Defendant’s habitual offender sentence for distribution

of a controlled dangerous substance, Schedule I, and an error patent concerning his

sentence for introduction of contraband into or upon the grounds of a state

correctional institution.

On October 22, 2019, the Louisiana Supreme Court rendered the following

per curiam opinion in State v. Lyles, 19-203 (La. 10/22/19), __ So.3d __ (footnotes

omitted), a case in which the issue was raised:

We granted the application to determine whether defendant’s
habitual offender status and sentence are governed by La.R.S.
15:529.1 as it existed at the time of the commission of the crime, as it
was amended by 2017 La. Acts 282, or as it was amended by 2018 La.
Acts 542. Finding Act 282 applies, we reverse the court of appeal,
vacate the habitual offender adjudication and sentence, and remand
with instructions to the district court for further proceedings.

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On November 11, 2016, a St. John the Baptist Parish jury found
defendant guilty of an aggravated battery, La.R.S. 14:34, he
committed on February 1, 2015. On November 16, 2016, the State
filed a habitual offender bill of information alleging two predicate
offenses—a 1991 distribution of cocaine conviction and a 2004
manslaughter conviction. On February 13, 2017, the district court
adjudicated defendant a third-felony offender and sentenced him to
the life sentence mandated by La.R.S. 15:529.1(A)(3)(b) (effective
August 15, 2010). The court of appeal vacated the habitual offender
sentence and remanded for resentencing because of the trial court’s
failure to vacate the underlying aggravated battery sentence. State v.
Lyles, 17-0405 (La. App. 5 Cir. 2/21/18), 239 So.3d 1055. After
remand, the district court resentenced defendant on March 12, 2018,
to the same term of imprisonment under the same provision of law.
Defendant appealed.

On appeal, defendant contended that the Habitual Offender law,
as amended by 2017 La. Acts 282, should be applied to him. Among
other changes, this act reduced from ten to five years the time
allowed—commonly known as the cleansing period—between
expiration of correctional supervision for one offense and commission
of the next offense on the habitual offender ladder. Defendant’s
probation for distribution of cocaine expired in 1996 and he did not
commit manslaughter until 2003. Therefore, defendant contended he
was a second-felony offender subject to a sentencing range of 3 1/3 to
20 years imprisonment under the amended law.

Defendant relied on Section 2 of Act 282, which provides,
“This Act shall become effective November 1, 2017, and shall have
prospective application only to offenders whose convictions became
final on or after November 1, 2017.” The State, however, relied on a
subsequent amendment to the Habitual Offender Law in 2018 La.
Acts 542 to argue that the district court applied the correct version of
the Habitual Offender Law (i.e., the one in effect when defendant
committed the crime in 2015). According to the State, despite the
language of Act 282, the legislature subsequently clarified its intent
with Act 542, which added La.R.S. 15:529.1(K).

The court of appeal agreed with the State, and found the district
court sentenced defendant under the correct version of the Habitual
Offender Law:

Upon review, we rely on the well settled
jurisprudence that the law in effect at the time of the
offense is determinative of a defendant’s punishment,
including for habitual offender proceedings. [State v.
Parker, 03-0924 (La. 4/14/04), 871 So.2d 317; State v.
Sugasti, 01-3407 (La. 06/21/02), 820 So.2d 518; State v.
Williams, 03-0571 (La. App. 5 Cir. 11/12/03), 862 So.2d

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108.] Further, we find that by enacting subsection K, the
legislature clarified its original intent that the date of
commission of the underlying offense be used to
determine the sentencing provision applicable to a
habitual offender, except as otherwise explicitly provided
in the statute. Therefore, after review, we find that the
Habitual Offender Law in effect at the time of the
commission of defendant’s underlying offense of
aggravated battery should be applied in determining
defendant’s habitual offender sentence, and the trial court
did so correctly when imposing defendant’s enhanced
sentence of life imprisonment without benefits.

....

Accordingly, we find that the 2015 version of La.
R.S. 15:529.1(A)(3)(b) is the sentencing provision
applicable to defendant herein because his third felony
(the aggravated battery conviction) and his predicate
conviction of manslaughter are crimes of violence under
La. R.S. 14:2(B)(5) and La. R.S. 14:2(B)(4), respectively.
Additionally, defendant’s 1991 conviction for
distribution of cocaine in violation of La. R.S. 40:967(A)
was a violation of the Uniform Controlled Dangerous
Substance Law punishable by ten years of imprisonment
or more. La. R.S. 40:967(B)(4). Under the habitual
offender statute as it existed at the time of the
commission of the underlying offense of aggravated
battery, defendant was subject to an enhanced mandatory
sentence of life imprisonment without the benefit of
parole, probation, or suspension of sentence. See La. R.S.
15:529.1(A)(3)(b). For the foregoing reasons, we find
that the trial court correctly applied the Habitual
Offender Law in effect in 2015 in sentencing defendant.

State v. Lyles, 18-0283, pp. 9–10 (La. App. 5 Cir. 12/27/18), 263
So.3d 930, 938–939.

The question presented is one of statutory interpretation, which
begins “as [it] must, with the language of the statute.” Bailey v. United
States, 516 U.S. 137, 143, 116 S.Ct. 501, 506, 133 L.Ed.2d 472
(1995). “Unequivocal provisions are not subject to judicial
construction and should be applied by giving words their generally
understood meaning.” State v. Oliphant, 12-1176, p. 5 (La. 3/19/13),
113 So.3d 165, 168; see also Connecticut Nat. Bank v. Germain, 503
U.S. 249, 253–54, 112 S.Ct. 1146, 1149, 117 L.Ed.2d 391 (1992) (“In
any event, canons of construction are no more than rules of thumb to
help courts determine the meaning of legislation, and in interpreting a
statute a court should always turn first to one, cardinal canon before

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all others. We have stated time and again that courts must presume
that a legislature says in a statute what it means and means in a statute
what it says there. When the words of a statute are unambiguous, then,
this first canon is also the last: ‘judicial inquiry is complete.’ ”)
(citations omitted).

As noted above, the relevant portion of Act 282 provides: “This
Act shall become effective November 1, 2017, and shall have
prospective application only to offenders whose convictions became
final on or after November 1, 2017.” 2017 La. Acts 282, § 2. By
contrast, Act 542 added new Subsection (K) to R.S. 15:529.1:

K. (1) Except as provided in Paragraph (2) of this
Subsection, notwithstanding any provision of law to the
contrary, the court shall apply the provisions of this
Section that were in effect on the date that the
defendant’s instant offense was committed.
(2) The provisions of Subsection C of this Section as
amended by Act Nos. 257 and 282 of the 2017 Regular
Session of the Legislature, which provides for the amount
of time that must elapse between the current and prior
offense for the provisions of this Section to apply, shall
apply to any bill of information filed pursuant to the
provisions of this Section on or after November 1, 2017,
accusing the person of a previous conviction.

2018 La. Acts 542, § 1 (effective August 1, 2018).

We note at the outset, from the plain language of these
provisions in conjunction with the effective dates of the acts, the
legislature appears to have created three categories of persons
potentially affected by these provisions:

1. There are persons—like the present defendant—whose
convictions became final on or after November 1, 2017, and
whose habitual offender bills were filed before that date. Those
defendants would be eligible to receive the benefits of all
ameliorative changes made by Act 282.

2. There are persons whose convictions became final on or after
November 1, 2017, and whose habitual offender bills were filed
between that date and August 1, 2018 (the effective date of Act
542). Those persons would be eligible to receive the benefit of
the reduced cleansing period, and they may also have colorable
claims to the other ameliorative changes provided in Act 282,
although we need not decide that question today.

3. Finally, there are persons whose convictions became final on or
after November 1, 2017, and whose habitual offender bills were

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filed on or after August 1, 2018. They would receive the
reduced cleansing period by operation of Subsection K(2)
added by Act 542 but their sentences would be calculated with
references to the penalties in effect of the date of commission in
accordance with Subsection K(2) added by Act 542.

The State urges, and the court of appeal found, essentially, that
the legislature intended what it wrote in Act 542 but did not intend
what it wrote in Act 282, and therefore Act 542 should be applied
because it “clarifies” Act 282. However, the language indicating that
Act 282 “shall become effective November 1, 2017, and shall have
prospective application only to offenders whose convictions became
final on or after November 1, 2017” is quite clear. Therefore, we must
presume the legislature meant what it said, and the judicial inquiry
ends there.

The State, however, attempts to breathe ambiguity into this
language by questioning when a conviction becomes final. That
question is readily answered by Code of Criminal Procedures articles
914 and 922, and the State’s desire that finality be determined
differently for purposes of the Habitual Offender Law than in other
contexts does not suffice to introduce ambiguity into the clear
language the legislature chose.

We find that 2017 La. Acts 282, § 2, which provides that Act
282 “shall become effective November 1, 2017, and shall have
prospective application only to offenders whose convictions became
final on or after November 1, 2017” is unequivocal, and therefore not
subject to further judicial construction. For persons like defendant,
whose convictions became final on or after November 1, 2017, and
whose habitual offender bills were filed before that date, the full
provisions of Act 282 apply. Accordingly, we find defendant was
adjudicated and sentenced pursuant to the wrong version of the
Habitual Offender Law. We reverse the court of appeal, vacate the
habitual offender adjudication and sentence, and remand for further
proceedings. On remand, the district court is directed to apply the
version of the Habitual Offender Law, La.R.S. 15:529.1, as it was
amended by 2017 La. Acts. 282, and before its amendment by 2018
La. Acts 542.

Defendant falls within the first category discussed above because his

conviction is not yet final, and his habitual offender bill was filed October 20,

2017. It is clear the trial court sentenced Defendant under La.R.S. 15:529

(A)(4)(b) which required a mandatory life sentence without benefit of parole,

probation, or suspension of sentence. The trial court sentenced Defendant under

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the pre-Act 282 version of the habitual offender statute. In accordance with Lyles,

Defendant was eligible to receive the benefits of the ameliorative changes made by

Act 282. Accordingly, Defendant’s habitual offender sentence is vacated, and the

case is remanded for resentencing.

Next, Defendant received an indeterminate sentence for his conviction of

introduction of contraband into or upon the grounds of a state correctional

institution. Although the court minutes and the commitment order reflect that the

sentence was ordered to be served in the Louisiana Department of Corrections, the

sentencing transcript does not so indicate. Louisiana Revised Statutes 14:402

requires imposition of a sentence of up to five years with or without hard labor.

The trial court’s failure to indicate whether the sentence is to be served with or

without hard labor rendered it indeterminate. Therefore, the sentence is vacated,

and this matter remanded for resentencing, with the trial court instructed to specify

whether the sentence is to be served with or without hard labor. State v. Ervin, 17-

18 (La.App. 3 Cir. 12/13/17), 258 So.3d 677.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR NUMBERS ONE AND TWO

In assignments of error numbers one and two, Defendant argues that the

evidence was insufficient to convict him on both counts. The crux of Defendant’s

argument is that the State failed to negate the reasonable probability that Defendant

was misidentified as the perpetrator of both offenses. In assignment of error

number three, Defendant challenges the admission of other crimes evidence

introduced at trial. When the issues on appeal relate to both sufficiency of the

evidence and one or more trial errors, the reviewing court should first determine

the sufficiency of the evidence. The rationale is that when the entirety of the

evidence is insufficient to support Defendant’s conviction, Defendant must be

7

discharged as to that crime, and any other issues become moot. State v. Hearold,

603 So.2d 731 (La.1992). Accordingly, we will address the sufficiency of the

evidence first.

The standard of review in a case of identification is well-established:

“In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a
conviction, an appellate court in Louisiana is controlled by the
standard enunciated by the United States Supreme Court in Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). . . .
[T]he appellate court must determine that the evidence, viewed in the
light most favorable to the prosecution, was sufficient to convince a
rational trier of fact that all of the elements of the crime had been
proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Captville, 448 So.2d 676,
678 (La.1984). Furthermore, when the key issue is the defendant’s
identity as the perpetrator, rather than whether the crime was
committed, the State is required to negate any reasonable probability
of misidentification. State v. Weary, 03-3067 (La. 4/24/06), 931 So.2d
297; State v. Neal, 00-0674 (La. 6/29/01), 796 So.2d 649. Positive
identification by only one witness is sufficient to support a conviction.
Weary, 03-3067 at p. 18, 931 So.2d at 311; Neal, 00-0674 at p. 11,
796 So.2d at 658; State v. Mussall, 523 So.2d 1305, 1311 (La.1988).
It is the factfinder who weighs the respective credibilities of the
witnesses, and this court will generally not second-guess those
determinations. State v. Bright, 98-0398, p. 22 (La. 4/11/00), 776
So.2d 1134, 1147.

State v. Hughes, 05-992, pp. 5-6 (La. 11/29/06), 943 So.2d 1047, 1051 (alteration

in original).

Evidence at Trial

The first witness to testify at trial was Jered Bellar, a corrections officer

involved in the incident at issue. On March 3, 2017, Officer Bellar was

supervising two trustees as they served “chow” to each of the inmates in each

dorm. One of the trustees, Officer Bellar testified, was Tyrese Andrews.

According to Officer Bellar, Mr. Andrews was patted down as usual before he

began serving chow. When asked if anything extra was found on Mr. Andrews,

8

Officer Bellar replied, “No, sir.” Officer Bellar then testified as follows regarding

the events that ensued:

A. Well, after we pat them down, we go to - - at the time I was
working at B-Pod. We were in - - we’d go to B-1; we start usually B-
1 and then go around to B-8. Well, we go to B-1; we start serving,
and Mr. [Andrews] grabs a handful of those forks they use to eat, goes
inside the dorm and starts handing them out to everybody, which
normally we don’t usually see anything wrong with that because a lot
of the trustees want to get the job done. So I figured at the time he
was just wanting to get the job done. So I didn’t think anything of it.

Well, he stopped and talked to Mr. Henry and - -

Q. You say “Mr. Henry.” Who is Mr. Henry?

A. Desmyne Henry.

Q. Do you see him in the courtroom today?

A. Yes, he’s right here.

Q. Okay. Would you please point him out for the record and state
what he’s wearing.

A. He’s right there. He’s wearing a white T-shirt and black tie - -
or a white polo shirt and black tie.

MR. MURRAY:

Judge, let the record reflect he’s identified the
defendant sitting at counsel table.

THE COURT:

All right.

BY MR. MURRAY:

Q. All right. So you saw him start talking with Mr. Henry?

A. Yes.

Q. Okay. And continue, please.

A. I saw him talking to Mr. Henry, and I knew they knew each
other. They’d talk every now and then or every time he comes to
serve. Well, at the time I noticed Desmyne motion something, kind of

9

give like a little hug to him. And when he walks out of the - - and he
stopped serving - - he stopped giving his forks out. When he walked
back out, I noticed he had a piece of paper sticking out of his pocket.
And I asked Mr. Andrews, I’m, like, I asked him, like, “What’s that in
your pocket?” He goes - - he looks down. He says, “It’s nothing.”
I’m like, “Okay. It wasn’t there awhile ago, so I need to know what it
is.”

So I take it, I open it up, and it had this substance of - - it
looked green and brown to me, like green, brown leafy substance.

Q. Okay.

A. And I shut the door, and I asked Andrews what - - “Where did
you get this?” and he didn’t say anything.

Officer Bellar testified that when confronted, Defendant denied giving the

substance to Mr. Andrews.

Officer Bellar reiterated that Mr. Andrews did not have anything extra on

him when he began serving chow and stated that Mr. Andrews did not come into

contact with anyone else after he met with Defendant:

Q. Okay. So Desmyne Henry then was the only person that he had
gotten that close to, and it was after that embrace that you had seen
something - -

A. Yes.

Q. - - extra on his person?

A. That’s correct.

Finally, Officer Bellar testified that he was told to write up Defendant for passing a

green and brown plant-like substance to another inmate.

On cross-examination, defense counsel asked if Officer Bellar had any

knowledge as to whether Mr. Andrews had been searched prior to coming into

Officer Bellar’s presence on the day in question. Officer Bellar replied:

A. As long as I’ve worked there, the supervisor who’s in charge of
A-Pod where Andrews is located, or was located at the time, he was

10

always real strict about getting that done. So I fully, 100 percent,
believe he was searched prior to coming to B-Pod.

Q. But you don’t have personal knowledge regarding that, do you?

A. Personal knowledge? Like I said, as long as I’ve worked there,
- - and it was for two years I’ve worked there - - and they’ve never not
searched anyone.

Q. Okay. Never not searched anyone? How do you know that?

A. Because I’ve worked A-Pod before, and we were always told to
search them, and we always have searched them.

Q. I don’t want to belabor this, but as a matter of literal fact, you
don’t have personal knowledge whether or not he was searched prior
to this? Personal knowledge?

A. As a matter of literal fact, I do not.

According to Officer Bellar, Mr. Andrews came into physical proximity of

Defendant about fifteen minutes after Mr. Andrews arrived at the pod. When

asked how many people Mr. Andrews interacted with prior to interacting with

Defendant, Officer Bellar answered:

A. I don’t know the exact number, but as I was watching him, he
was just walking by, handing his forks out, and then he went and
talked to Mr. Henry.

Q. He came into close physical proximity to several different
prisoners, though, prior to being close to Mr. Henry, correct?

A. Not close - - not as close as he got with Henry.

Q. Agree. Not as close but close physical proximity with several
different prisoners, is that correct?

A. Within - - within a few inches, yes.

When asked to describe the interaction between Mr. Andrews and

Defendant, Officer Bellar replied:

A. Andrews walked to Henry, and Henry came and met him about
halfway.

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Q. All right. And you’re saying that on direct examination, I
believe, that Mr. Henry hugged Mr. Andrews?

A. In a manner of speaking. It was more of embrace, like, as if
two really good friends would; but in a manner of speaking, yes, a
hug.

Officer Bellar estimated that he was about seven or eight feet away from Mr.

Andrews and Defendant. When asked if he personally witnessed Defendant give

something to Mr. Andrews, Officer Bellar replied:

A. What I saw was them embracing each other, and then Andrews
walking back with a piece of paper in his pocket. That’s what I
witnessed.

Officer Bellar acknowledged that he did not “necessarily see [Defendant’s] hands

because Andrews’ body was blocking his hands.” When asked if he watched Mr.

Andrews’ every move, Officer Bellar responded:

A. I mean, I was watching his every move like we’re supposed to.

Q. You were watching Mr. Andrews’ every move?

A. Yes.

Q. And you weren’t watching anybody else?

A. I have - - I can see them out of my peripheral vision. I
wouldn’t go back and forth to each inmate, but I saw mostly him,
because when a trustee goes into a dorm, we mostly concentrate our
attention on them.

Q. Okay. I understand that, but you’re saying - - you are
acknowledging that your attention was not fixed on Mr. Andrews the
whole time he handed out every spork. You may have noticed
movement in your peripheral vision, but you weren’t fixated on him
every time, right?

A. I guess you could say that, even though most of my attention
was on him.

On re-direct, Officer Bellar explained that the substance he found on Mr.

Andrews was in a pocket located on the front of Mr. Andrews’ shirt. The

12

following colloquy then took place as to whether Mr. Andrews could have received

the substance from one of the other inmates:

Q. Based on the interaction with the other inmates, would he have
been in a position to get something in his pocket, or would it have
only been the way that the interaction occurred with Mr. Henry?

A. The way I saw it, it was very unlikely that one of the other
inmates could have done it because the pocket is so high. Whenever
he embraced Desmyne Henry, that’s along the lines of when it could
have possibly happened.

Q. He had access at that time - -

A. Exactly.

Q. - - to that pocket?

A. Yes.

Q. Now, let me also ask you this. Just a little common sense
question here. The defense counsel asked you about time, okay, the
time that he took to go around, the time from how long he embraced
Mr. Henry. If he had gotten that piece of paper from another inmate,
would he have had time to fold it down a little further into his pocket
to where it wouldn’t have been seen?

A. Yes.

Q. Based on the interaction with Mr. Henry and the quick hug,
embrace, and then turning around, doesn’t give much time for him to
do anything with it, does it?

A. It does not.

The State’s next witness was Tyrese Andrews, an eighteen-year-old inmate

who was incarcerated in Sulphur at the time of trial. Mr. Andrews testified that he

was being incarcerated for his convictions of two counts of simple burglary and

two counts of theft of a firearm. Mr. Andrews testified that on March 3, 2017, he

was incarcerated in the Calcasieu Correctional Center. On that date, Mr. Andrews

worked as a trustee, serving food. According to Mr. Andrews, all of the food was

loaded onto a cart and served to the inmates in their dorms. Mr. Andrews recalled

13

interacting with Desmyne Henry while serving chow and identified Desmyne

Henry as the Defendant in open court. Mr. Andrews explained his interaction with

Defendant as follows:

A. As I served the B-Pod, first we served 1 through 8. And after I
went to 8, we had to pick up the trays. So we went back to B-1. As I
served, because B-1, I guess, is, like, maximum lockdown or
whatever, - -

Q. Okay.

A. - - only one inmate is, I guess, like, allowed out, like, every
hour. So all the other inmates were locked down. We had to bring
trays to the cell.

Q. Okay.

A. I guess Mr. Henry was the only one that wasn’t in a cell. So as
I was coming back from grabbing a tray from a cell, he stopped me
and told me to pass this to Cell 7. He had placed something in my
pocket.

Q. Okay.

A. And as that happened, I don’t know - - I don’t remember the
guard’s name, but me and him made eye contact. And as I walked
away, as soon as I stepped out the door, he had asked me, “What’s
this?” I’m like, “I don’t know.” He had pulled it out of my pocket,
and it seemed like - -like to be some tobacco.

When questioned further by the State, Mr. Andrews reiterated that Defendant

asked him to take the tobacco-like substance to Cell 7, Block 7.

Mr. Andrews further testified that after the incident, he received a note from

Defendant telling Mr. Andrews that Defendant would bond him out of jail if Mr.

Andrews “took the charge.” About two or three weeks later, Mr. Andrews had

another interaction with Defendant in the “rec yard,” where Mr. Andrews did not

see Defendant’s face but recognized Defendant’s voice:

A. He told me, “What did you tell the people?” I told him,
“Nothing.” He said, “That’s good.” He said, “I would pop you off
when I get back to the dorm.”

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Q. What did he mean, “pop you off”?

A. I guess like give me - -

....

Q. What did you take it as?

A. Like, “Give me some tobacco” or something like that.

Q. Did you respond to that?

A. I said, “I’m straight.”

Q. Okay. Meaning?

A. I don’t want none.

....

Q. Did he make any threats to you at that time?

A. Yes, sir. It was, like, “Good, because I don’t want to beat you
up, little nigger,” something like that.

Mr. Andrews testified that he stayed away from the rec yard after that because he

felt threatened. According to Mr. Andrews, he was later transferred to another

facility.

The State then asked Mr. Andrews if he saw Defendant in the holding cell of

the courthouse the day prior to his trial testimony. Mr. Andrews testified that he

did see Defendant the day prior to his testimony and testified that Defendant told

him to “plead the Fifth.” Mr. Andrews nodded his head, affirming that he would

“plead the Fifth.” Finally, Mr. Andrews testified that he was not offered a plea

deal for testifying, that he testified truthfully as he remembered the event in

question, that he did not have any reason to lie, and that he accepted full

responsibility for the charges to which he pled.

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On cross-examination, defense counsel questioned Mr. Andrews about his

prior convictions, reiterating that Mr. Andrews was eighteen years old and had

been convicted of two counts of simple burglary and one count of a theft of a

firearm. Defense counsel also asked Mr. Andrews if he had been charged with

possession of narcotics in connection with the incident in question:

Q. Are you charged with possession of narcotics?

A. No, sir.

Q. So a few moments ago when Mr. Murray was inquiring and
asked whether or not you were offered any deal, - - is that correct?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. But you’re not charged with possession of narcotics?

A. No, sir.

Q. So whatever happened here that day, although you got caught
redhanded with narcotics, you’re not charged with possession of
narcotics?

A. The guard seen him place it in my pocket, sir.

Q. The answer is yes or no. You can explain your answer
afterwards.

A. No.

Mr. Andrews testified that he did not know Defendant before this incident

and had never spoken to Defendant before this incident. When asked how he

recognized Defendant’s voice during the interaction in the rec yard, Mr. Andrews

testified that he recognized Defendant’s voice from when Defendant told him to

pass the substance to Cell 7, which was the only time Defendant had heard

Defendant’s voice.

16

Defense counsel questioned Mr. Andrews about his previous convictions,

stressing that Mr. Andrews claimed to have never committed any crimes other than

the ones for which he had been convicted:

Q. All right. Have you committed any burglaries that you have not
been convicted of?

A. No, sir.

Q. You never - - you just happened to get convicted the two times
that you committed simple burglaries?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. Have you committed any other crimes that you haven’t been
convicted of?

A. No, sir.

Q. You just happened to get convicted the three times that you
committed crimes?

A. It was four times.

Q. Four times. What’s the fourth one?

A. Two counts of theft of a firearm - -

Q. Oh, you - -

A. - - and two counts of simple burglary.

Q. Okay. Two counts of theft of a firearm. Did you steal two
firearms?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. So you’ve only committed four crimes in your life, and you got
[sic] all four times and convicted all four times?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. That’s your testimony?

A. Yes, sir.

17

Finally, defense counsel asked Mr. Andrews if he told one of the deputies

that someone named “Nelson” gave him the substance at issue. Mr. Andrews

responded that he “thought his name was Gerald at first[.]” On re-direct, Mr.

Andrews testified that he did not know what Defendant had placed in his pocket.

Ann Clifton, the evidence supervisor for the Calcasieu Parish Sheriff’s

Office, identified S-1 as evidence that was submitted to the crime lab. The crime

lab report described the item submitted as a sealed envelope containing green plant

material in tissue paper. The lab report identified the item as synthetic

cannabinoid, Group 19, Schedule I.

Regarding other crimes evidence, Roy Malone, a Calcasieu Parish Sheriff’s

Deputy, testified that on August 24, 2010, Deputy Malone participated in an

investigation of Defendant, whom Deputy Malone identified in court. Deputy

Malone was contacted by a confidential informant (C.I.) who stated he could make

an undercover purchase from Defendant. Deputy Malone described one purchase

as follows:

A. On arriving, we met Mr. Henry at one location. I want to say it
was a barbecue stand. Then we traveled to a house, a residence on
Hunter Street, and there we purchased crack cocaine.

On a second occasion, crack cocaine was purchased from Defendant at an

apartment complex.

Regarding another other crimes incident, Robert Waggoner, a patrol officer

with the Calcasieu Parish Sheriff’s Office, testified that he was working as a

corrections officer on December 20, 2014. On that date, Officer Waggoner

searched Defendant’s jail cell and found a cell phone in Defendant’s pillow.

18

Jody Savoie, a B-Pod supervisor with the sheriff’s office, was also involved

in an investigation of Defendant on February 18, 2017. Officer Savoie described

the investigation as follows:

A. After we did the 2230 head count, we did - - met in central, like
usual. We ended up going to do a shakedown in B-1 at the time,
which we basically go look for contraband, any type of stuff like that
that aren’t supposed to be allowed. And we entered - - or was
approaching the door, I notified for the deputy in the tower, “Flash the
lights, rack the inmates up.”

When we popped the door, I saw Inmate Henry go to Cell 1
where he was housed. We went in, started getting everybody out,
strip-searched them, you know, see if they might have hidden any
contraband. At that time when we walked in, we went to - - Deputy
Smith went to Cell 1, just because I told him, “Hey, I saw him run into
the cell. Go check that out right off the bat.”

Went in there. He ended up coming out with a bag of synthetic
that was in the Ramen noodle pack.

Officer Savoie believed the substance found was synthetic marijuana based on his

experience and based on the substance’s texture, odor, and color.

Bayne Smith, another sheriff’s deputy, also testified regarding the February

18, 2017 search involving Defendant. Deputy Smith described the incident as

follows:

A. It started with we were doing a shakedown of the tiers which is,
you know, a random search, and we met up in central that evening and
we decided we were going to shakedown the tier that Desmyne was
staying in.

And we gathered at the door of the tier, and the deputy in the
tower, which is - - they control the doors from there - - she closed the
door, and at that time when the door started to close, I noticed
Desmyne going up to his cell and trying to get into his cell before the
door closed. And he did get into his cell before the door closed.

And after that, we entered the tier. After everything was secure,
then we strip-searched all the inmates. We secured them, and then we
began our search. And I went to Desmyne’s cell first, due to the
abnormal behavior of trying to go into the cell before the door closed,

19

and I found a baggy of suspected synthetic marijuana inside a bowl of
Ramen noodles.

Officer Smith clarified that nothing was found on Defendant when he was strip-

searched. Officer Smith also testified that Defendant was the only resident of the

cell at the time of the search.

Mike Abate, a detective at the Calcasieu Correctional Center, investigated an

intimidation charge involving Defendant and Tyrese Andrews. Detective Abate

became involved in the investigation when he was monitoring Defendant’s phone

calls. Detective Abate testified that he knew it was Defendant during one

particular call because he recognized Defendant’s voice and recognized the person

he was talking to as one of Defendant’s regular callers. During the call, Defendant

asked the individual if he knew a guy by the name of Tyree or Tyrese. According

to Detective Abate, the individual asked Defendant if Defendant wanted him to get

the business crew together to talk with Tyrese. Defendant responded, “No, Don’t

worry about that. He’s in jail right now.” Concerned about what was going on,

Detective Abate had Tyrese Andrews escorted to his office and asked him if he and

Defendant had talked since the incident back in B-Pod. Mr. Andrews stated that

they had, and Detective Abate described their interaction as follows:

A. I asked him to elaborate on that. He said that probably about
two weeks to a week prior to me talking to him, he said he was out on
rec, Desmyne Henry was in his cell, which the cell to the isolation
cells where he was being housed at this time, there’s a rec yard for A-
Pod for the trustees to go play basketball, do whatever. He could
watch him, and he was yelling through the window. And he
apparently told - - asked Tyrese if he said anything to the police.

Made him an offer, “Hey, I can get you bonded out of jail” if
he’d take the charge. He supposedly asked Tyrese if he had said
anything. Tyrese told him no. I asked Tyrese if he was, you know,
scared for his safety in jail since he was so young. He said yes. He
said he hadn’t been to rec since that incident.

20

Detective Abate further testified that he noticed Defendant had a large

amount of commissary:

A. It was about three bags full of commissary, like duffle bags, the
mesh ones, just from the ground up to about right here (indicating).

Q. Big laundry bags?

A. Yeah.

Q. Full of it?

A. Full.

Q. How much does a typical inmate have in commissary?

A. A typical inmate might have about one bag maybe half full.

Detective Abate described commissary as anything an inmate can purchase from

the store—chips, food, writing materials, stamps, shirts, underwear, and hygiene

items. Detective Abate estimated that Defendant had about $800 worth of stuff

from the commissary. The commissary records, however, showed that Defendant

had not been to the store within a month or two of Detective Abate’s discovery of

the items. Roger Pete, a C-Pod supervisor for the Calcasieu Parish Sheriff’s

Office, testified that commissary is commonly traded for contraband in jail.

On cross-examination, Detective Abate agreed that it was usual for

Defendant to have cash money on his commissary books. Detective Abate agreed

that he would not disagree with defense counsel’s suggestion that defense counsel

had received substantial checks from Defendant’s commissary account. Detective

Abate also agreed that in Officer Bellar’s statement regarding the incident, Officer

Bellar stated that he clearly saw Defendant slip something into Mr. Andrews’

pocket. Detective Abate agreed that he had been in the courtroom during trial and

was aware that Officer Bellar did not state the same on cross-examination. Finally,

21

Detective Abate testified that when he was first told about the incident, he was told

that the Defendant was seen placing the item in Mr. Andrews’ shirt. Defense

counsel objected to Detective Abate’s testimony about what he was told, but the

trial court allowed the testimony since it was not being offered for the truth of the

matter asserted.

On re-direct, the State and Detective Abate had the following colloquy about

Defendant’s commissary account:

Q. How is he getting substantial sums of money transferred to him
to then reroute to defense counsel, or why would it go that route
instead of whoever’s putting money on his books just pay his defense
counsel?

A. So you want to know how he’s getting the money, basically
how they’re putting it on?

Q. (Indicating affirmatively.)

A. Basically either a family member or friends will come and put
money on your books so you can purchase off of commissary or
whatever you need. Also what they’ll do is, you know, Joe Blow
wants some dope. He knows that, you know, this guy here can get it.
They make arrangements for somebody on the street to go pay one of
his people, and they give him the money, and then they’ll go put it on
the books in their name. So, it’s kind of harder to trace.

Also another way that they’ll make money is they’ll try to get -
- if I know you’ve got some charges and you can bond out, I know a
guy at the bonding place, you know. I’m going to hook you up with
this guy; and I’m going to get a hundred dollar cut off of it, and then
they’re going to come put money on my books for that too, so.

For the Defendant’s case-in-chief, Ms. Teeter Carrier Chapman, Defendant’s

mother, testified. When asked how Defendant gets cash money on his book, Ms.

Chapman replied:

A. Me and - - me. A lot comes from me. Well, just recently when
I called DOC to see about why he hadn’t received his money at the
facility it had been shipped to, they had told me they cut his check for
$1,049. I - - we try to make sure he’s comfortable. I mean, he’s

22

already in a bad position, so we have to make sure he has everything
he needs.

Q. So y’all’s family puts cash money on his books?

A. Yes, sir.

On cross-examination, Ms. Chapman testified that while Defendant had been

in jail, she had never received a cellphone call from him.

Defendant’s Argument in Brief

In assignment of error number one, Defendant alleges the evidence was

insufficient to prove he distributed a Schedule I controlled dangerous substance or

controlled substance analogue classified in Schedule I. In assignment of error

number two, Defendant alleges the evidence was insufficient to prove he was in

actual or constructive possession of a controlled dangerous substance or controlled

substance analogue classified in Schedule I, while in a municipal or parish prison

or jail, on or about March 3, 2017.1

Regarding count one, Appellate counsel argues that Defendant does not

contest that a tissue was found in Mr. Andrews’ pocket but contests that Defendant

was the one who placed the tissue in Mr. Andrews’ pocket “or that he had

1
Appellate counsel argues in brief that even though the State did not specify the
contraband at issue in the second count of the bill, the evidence elicited at trial clearly indicated
the State was seeking to prove a violation of La.R.S. 14:402(E)(5), which prohibits the
possession or introduction of the following into or upon the premises of any municipal or parish
prison or jail:

(5) Any narcotic or hypnotic or excitive drug or any drugs of whatever
kind or nature, including nasal inhalators of any variety, sleeping pills or
barbiturates of any variety that create or may create a hypnotic effect if taken
internally, or any other controlled dangerous substance as defined in R.S. 40:961
et seq. The introduction by a person of any controlled dangerous substance as
defined in R.S. 40:961 et seq., upon the grounds of any municipal or parish prison
or jail shall constitute distribution of that controlled dangerous substance and shall
be subject to the penalties provided in R.S. 40:961 et seq.

La.R.S. 40:402(E)(5).

23

knowledge of the substance contained in the tissue.” Defendant makes no other

statement or argument in brief to substantiate his suggestion that he had no

knowledge of the substance contained in the tissue. Further, defense counsel made

no such argument in closing argument. Even if such argument had been made, the

jury could have inferred Defendant’s knowledge of the substance contained in the

tissue by Deputy Smith’s testimony regarding the previous incident (that occurred

less than a month before the current offense) in which suspected synthetic

marijuana was found in Defendant’s cell. Considering Defendant’s brief statement

suggesting he had no knowledge of the substance in the tissue along with the lack

of any other argument or evidence to substantiate such statement, Defendant has

failed to prove any merit to this claim.

Regarding the second count, appellate counsel argues that the State cannot

prove constructive possession of the alleged contraband. The factors to be

considered to prove constructive possession are irrelevant since there was

testimony that Defendant actually possessed the substance found in Mr. Andrews’

pocket. Mr. Andrews testified that Defendant was the person who put the tissue in

his pocket. Officer Bellar corroborated Mr. Andrews’ testimony by testifying that

he saw the tissue in Mr. Andrews’ pocket immediately after Mr. Andrews came

into contact with Defendant. Since the jury believed Mr. Andrews’ testimony, the

jury obviously believed Defendant actually possessed the synthetic marijuana

found in the tissue.

The rest of Defendant’s argument in brief attacks the credibility of Mr.

Andrews’ testimony. Appellate counsel points out that when Mr. Andrews was

confronted by Officer Bellar immediately after the incident, Mr. Andrews did not

name Defendant as the person who gave him the tissue. In fact, Defendant argues,

24

Mr. Andrews named “Nelson” as the person who gave him the tissue. Defendant

further argues that even though Officer Bellar confronted Defendant shortly after

the incident, Defendant denied giving the tissue to Mr. Andrews.

Appellate counsel also attacks Officer Bellar’s testimony by noting that

Officer Bellar watched Mr. Andrews through his “peripheral vision,” admitting

that he was not fixated on every move made by Mr. Andrews. Moreover, appellate

counsel notes, Officer Bellar admitted at trial (contrary to his pre-trial statement to

Detective Abate) that he did not actually see Defendant give anything to Mr.

Andrews, and Officer Bellar admitted Mr. Andrews came within inches of several

other inmates.

Appellate counsel further attacks the credibility of Mr. Andrews in several

respects. Appellate counsel challenges Mr. Andrews’ testimony that he did not

know Defendant and had never spoken to Defendant before that day. According

to appellate counsel, this is not consistent with Officer Bellar’s testimony that the

two inmates knew each other and would talk when Mr. Andrews served chow.

Additionally, appellate counsel alleges this is not consistent with Mr. Andrews’

claim that he knew Defendant was the person who spoke to him in the rec yard

because he recognized Defendant’s voice from Defendant’s brief statement, “pass

this to cell 7.” Appellate counsel finally attacks Mr. Andrews’ credibility by

pointing out that Mr. Andrews initially stated the person who gave him the tissue

was “Nelson,” and then at trial stated he initially thought the person’s name was

“Gerald.” Appellate counsel also attacks Mr. Andrews’ credibility based on his

criminal record.

Finally, appellate counsel argues that Mr. Andrews misidentified Defendant

and that his identification is unreliable based on the test set forth in Manson v.

25

Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 97 S.Ct. 2243 (1977), for assessing the reliability of an

identification. Appellate counsel contends:

The record did not focus on Andrews’ degree of attention. It
did, however, provide information concerning the accuracy of his
prior description of the offender - as noted above, he called him by
two different names before identifying him in open court. The trial
was held approximately seven months after the incident. Despite,
[sic] the lack of information concerning most of these factors, there is
little information to determine if Andrews based his identification
solely on Henry’s presence at trial, or possibly combined with
Henry’s prior conversations with him after the incident concerning
whether he had told the deputies anything. The question the court
must determine is whether it was reasonable to conclude that Andrews
obtained the item from another inmate named “Nelson” but when he
realized Jered Bellar believed it was Desmyne Henry who passed the
item to Andrews, he went along with it for some unexplained reason.
Relevant to this determination is the fact that the State called no
witnesses to corroborate Andrews’ testimony concerning his friends’
supposed message to him that Henry would pay his bond if he would
take the charge for him, that they heard the discussion between
Andrews and Henry a few weeks after the incident when Andrews
was in the rec yard, or, about the conversation the two supposedly had
in the holding cells at the courthouse the day before Andrews testified
where Henry purportedly told Andrews to plead the Fifth.
Additionally, and most importantly, the pretrial factors discussed
above do not address a situation like exists in the present case where
the key witness was impeached for credibility purposes. See La. Code
Evid. art. 609.1.

The State was required to prove Desmyne Henry’s identity as
the person who handed the paper containing the synthetic cannabinoid
to Andrews on March 3, 2017. Without this, the evidence was
insufficient to prove both the distribution count as well as the
possession of contraband count. The State failed to negate the
reasonable probability of misidentification. The convictions should
be overturned, the sentences set aside and acquittals should be entered
of record.

State’s Argument in Brief

The State argues that the other crimes evidence of Defendant’s distribution

of narcotics outside of prison shows that the behavior charged in the instant case

was not unusual. Additionally, the finding of synthetic marijuana in Defendant’s

cell on another occasion, the State argues, shows that Defendant was in possession

26

of synthetic marijuana while incarcerated. As for direct evidence of the incident at

issue, the State refers to Bellar’s testimony, as well as Mr. Andrews’ testimony.

Analysis

As stated previously, Defendant fails to substantiate his brief statement that

he had no knowledge of what was in the tissue passed to Mr. Andrews.

Additionally, although Defendant’s brief discusses the law as to constructive

possession, there is no question that the person who gave Mr. Andrews the tissue

containing synthetic marijuana actually possessed the substance and possessed the

substance in jail. The crux of Defendant’s argument is that he is not the person

who gave Mr. Andrews the tissue. In other words, Defendant argues that he was

misidentified as the perpetrator of the crimes for which he was convicted. When

the sole issue is Defendant’s identity as the perpetrator, the supreme court has

explained:

[W]hen the key issue is the Defendant’s identity as the perpetrator,
rather than whether the crime was committed, the State is required to
negate any reasonable probability of misidentification. State v.
Weary, 03-3067 (La. 4/24/06), 931 So.2d 297; State v. Neal, 00-0674
(La. 6/29/01), 796 So.2d 649. Positive identification by only one
witness is sufficient to support a conviction. Weary, 03-3067 at p. 18,
931 So.2d at 311; Neal, 00-0674 at p. 11, 796 So.2d at 658; State v.
Mussall, 523 So.2d 1305, 1311 (La.1988). It is the factfinder who
weighs the respective credibilities of the witnesses, and this court will
generally not second-guess those determinations. State v. Bright, 98-
0398, p. 22 (La. 4/11/00), 776 So.2d 1134, 1147.

Hughes, 943 So.2d at 1051.

As this court has previously stated:

In the absence of internal contradiction or
irreconcilable conflicts with physical evidence, the
testimony of one witness, if believed by the trier of fact,
is sufficient to support a conviction. The question of the
credibility of the witnesses is within the sound discretion
of the trier of fact, who may accept or reject, in whole or

27

in part, the testimony of any witness. The credibility of
the witnesses will not be re-weighed on appeal.

State v. Westmoreland, 10-1408, p. 6 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/4/11), 63 So.3d 373, 379,

writ denied, 11-1660 (La. 1/20/12), 78 So.3d 140 (quoting State v. Perry, 08-1304,

p. 2 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/6/09), 9 So.3d 342, 344, writ denied, 09-1955 (La. 6/25/10),

38 So.3d 352).

At trial, Mr. Andrews clearly identified Defendant as the person who put the

tissue containing synthetic marijuana in his pocket. Mr. Andrews also testified

about subsequent communication with Defendant regarding Mr. Andrews’

statements to police, Mr. Andrews’ willingness to “plead the Fifth” at trial, and Mr.

Andrews’ willingness to “take the charge.” These statements were corroborated to

some extent by Detective Abate’s testimony that he overheard a phone

conversation wherein Defendant was asking someone about Mr. Andrews. Mr.

Andrews also testified about his prior convictions, his confusion as to the name of

the person who gave him the tissue, and his lack of a plea deal for testifying. The

jury was able to compare Mr. Andrews’ testimony with Officer Bellar’s testimony

as to the incident in question. The jury was able to weigh Officer Bellar’s

testimony in light of his proximity to the incident, and Officer Bellar’s

acknowledgement that he did not actually see Defendant put the tissue in Mr.

Andrews’ pocket. The jury also heard testimony concerning Defendant’s other

crimes evidence. Although Mr. Andrews admittedly gave a name to police other

than Defendant’s name, there is no indication that Mr. Andrews physically

identified someone other than Defendant. Thus, the jury could have concluded that

Mr. Andrews was simply confused as to Defendant’s name. After considering all

of the above, the jury weighed the credibility of witnesses and obviously chose to

28

believe Mr. Andrews’ identification of Defendant as the perpetrator. This court

should not re-weigh the credibility of the witnesses in this case. Accordingly,

Defendant’s contention that Mr. Andrews’ testimony was unreliable lacks merit as

it does nothing more than seek to have this court re-assess witness credibility on

appeal.

Accordingly, we find that the evidence was sufficient to find Defendant was

the perpetrator of both distribution of a Schedule I controlled dangerous substance

and possession of contraband in jail. Thus, these assignments of error lack merit.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER THREE

Defendant contends the trial court erred in allowing evidence of other crimes

to be admitted at trial when the prejudicial effect of the evidence outweighed its

probative value. A hearing as to the admissibility of the other crimes evidence was

held on October 10, 2017. At the hearing, the State presented the testimony of

Detective Michael Abate regarding two previous offenses of distribution of crack

cocaine committed by Defendant on August 24, 2010 and September 9, 2010. As

he testified at trial, Detective Abate testified that in both instances, a CI informed

the detectives that Defendant wanted to sell crack cocaine. Detective Abate

testified that the transactions took place, and Defendant supplied narcotics in

exchange for money. Detective Abate identified Defendant in the courtroom. At

the State’s request, the trial court took judicial notice that Defendant pled guilty to

two counts of distribution of a Schedule II controlled dangerous substance in front

of the same trial court on September 26, 2016.

Detective Abate also testified as to an instance wherein Defendant possessed

a cell phone in jail on December 20, 2014. As he testified at trial, Detective Abate

testified that a cell phone was found in a pillow in Defendant’s jail cell. According

29

to Detective Abate, the cell phone was considered contraband since it is illegal for

an inmate to possess a cell phone. Again, at the State’s request, the trial court took

judicial notice that Defendant pled guilty to the charge of possession or

introduction of contraband in jail in front of the same trial court on September 26,

2016.

The next other crimes evidence to which Detective Abate testified involved

possession or introduction of synthetic marijuana in jail on February 18, 2017. As

he testified at trial, Detective Abate testified at the pre-trial hearing that the

deputies were performing a shakedown when they noticed Defendant running back

toward his cell. Once Defendant was removed from the cell, and the cell was

searched, a bag of synthetic marijuana was found in a bowl of Ramen noodles.

Finally, Detective Abate testified as to the offense of intimidating a witness

that occurred between the dates of May 17, 2017 and May 25, 2017. Detective

Abate described the offense as follows:

A. Basically I was monitoring Desmyne’s phone calls. While
doing so, I overheard him talking about an individual he referred to as
Tyrese or Tyrene. He wasn’t actually sure how to say the individual’s
name. The guy he was talking to, he was asking him about it, and he
described the individual as being 18 years of age possibly. He said he
thinks his dad’s known as “D.J. Cool Cat” or something. Basically he
believes that that guy snitched on him. The individual he was talking
to said, “Do you want me to get the business club out to look for
him?” He said, “No, he’s in jail.”

I started listening to some other phone calls where he was
actually making threats to where, you know, if the guy snitched on
him, he was going to do harm to him. Knowing what it was about and
the person he was actually talking about, I called him into my office,
asked him if he had ever spoke with Desmyne. He said yes, he had,
and he said Desmyne did make threats towards him and felt scared for
his personal safety, at which time we had to put him in another facility
for his safety.

30

Q. Now, Detective, this intimidation charge and this individual,
this Tyrese individual, did this incident, the intimidation, stem from
another incident?

A. Yes.

Q. And what was that?

A. That was distribution of CDS I.

Q. Which is the matter that we are about to go to trial on, correct?

A. Correct.

Q. Okay. So based on the incidence of that, that is what brought
about the intimidation charge?

A. Correct.

Q. Okay. And the individual involved in each of these matters is
the same Desmyne Henry that you had pointed out to the Court
earlier?

A. Yes, sir.

The State then presented argument to the trial court. The State argued

Defendant’s two previous convictions for distribution of crack cocaine were

admissible to show Defendant’s motive to gain something in return for the

distribution of drugs and to show Defendant’s knowledge of how to obtain and

distribute drugs. As for Defendant’s conviction for possession or introduction of

contraband (cell phone) in jail, the State argued that such evidence showed

Defendant’s intent to possess contraband illegally, Defendant’s ability to obtain

contraband and conceal it, and Defendant’s plan to use the contraband to carry out

future endeavors. Likewise, the State argued that Defendant’s possession of the

synthetic marijuana found in the bowl of Ramen noodles on February 8, 2017,

showed Defendant’s ability to gain access to contraband, Defendant’s intent to

31

possess contraband, and Defendant’s knowledge of the contraband’s presence in

his possession.

Finally, the State argued that the other crimes evidence involving

Defendant’s intimidation of a witness was a “direct offshoot from the case at

hand.” The State argued:

It does show a guilty knowledge of the defendant, of his own
distributing drugs in jail, a lack of mistake of what he was doing at
that time in placing it - - doing what he did in distributing it and an
intent to conduct illegal activity, a distribution of CDS, possession of
contraband.

Judge, we believe that each of these matters shows proof, plan,
opportunity, knowledge, intent of what he was trying to accomplish
here in jail on this date. And for those reasons, Judge, we’d ask that
these prior convictions and other crimes be admitted for consideration
by the jury.

Defense counsel began his counter argument with a reminder to the trial

court that it must make a finding regarding probative value versus prejudicial

effect and a reminder that other crimes evidence “can’t be introduced simply to

prove that the defendant is a bad person or to impugn his character.” With respect

to the cell phone incident specifically, defense counsel argued that there was

“simply . . . no connection to a drug charge whatsoever.” Since such evidence had

no probative value with respect to a drug charge, defense counsel argued that it

was being offered strictly to impugn Defendant’s character. As for the distribution

offenses, defense counsel argued:

Regarding the - - regarding the two distributions and the three
matters that relate to drugs, again, - - and I know how these things
usually go. What we’re asking to do - - what we’re asking the Court
to do is simply weigh the prejudicial effect versus probative value,
and the prejudicial effect is tremendous. I think it’s something we can
deal with at trial, but allowing all three of those instances into
evidence I think is excessive. If the State wants to strike this blow, let
them - - let them introduce one drug-related 404 contemplated charge.

32

The cell phone I think is ridiculous. Piling on all of these - - all of
these drug cases I think is excessive.

The State responded that even though the cell phone and drugs were not the

same contraband, the cell phone incident showed Defendant’s “knowledge, intent,

plan, getting things into the jail, knowing how to get things into the jail, having

them in the jail.” Although the State acknowledged that everything it sought to

introduce against Defendant was prejudicial, it argued that the prejudicial effect of

the evidence at issue was outweighed by the probative value of the evidence to

show Defendant’s intent, plan, and preparation.

Finally, defense counsel concluded:

And clearly this type of evidence is prejudicial. We understand
that. The State wants it to be prejudicial in introducing one act that is
most closely congruent factually; it does the job. Anything beyond
that, respectfully, is excessive and so prejudicial that it - - that it
works so much to the defendant’s detriment and has so little probative
value because it’s simply a pile-on charge that it is excessive.

Before ruling on the admissibility of the evidence, the trial court clarified

that the State was seeking to introduce two counts of distribution, the cell phone

incident, possession of the synthetic marijuana found in the Ramen noodles, and

the intimidating a witness incident. The trial court then ruled as follows:

Well, let me say this. I mean, you know, it’s always concerning
to some degree, you know, to allow other things in, because there is a
risk of undue prejudice. But, you know, of course it’s certainly
probative. I think all these things are probative because, first of all,
there’s always a concern about whether I find them to be probative.

The cell phone issue, I mean, that’s clearly a way to
communicate, knowing that you’re being recorded on the jail phones.
That’s a way to try to communicate without being detected and about
maybe how to get drugs in to him to be able to use or any other
contraband. So, I mean, I think the cell phone is certainly relevant
and probative because that’s an indication of - - and the fact that he
had it hidden, and whatever, is a way that - - he knew he wasn’t
supposed to have it; I mean, he was convicted of that - - of that
charge.

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And, you know, it seems to me that that’s certainly a
mechanism to help figure out how to get drugs in there, number one,
that are not - - and then the fact that he had the synthetic is proof that -
- or, at least, you know, that it’s probative because it showed that he’s
had something illegal in there in addition to just - - in other words, the
cell phone’s not illegal in and of itself. It’s contraband. It’s not
supposed to be in there, but the - - you know, but it helps facilitate or
it’s certainly reasonable to think that it helps facilitate getting other - -
you know, other illegal acts such as having drugs in there. And then
he did have something that was illegal in and of itself, the possession
of the synthetic marijuana.

And then to have sold - - to have sold it while he was in - - to
have had the previous convictions show that that is something that
he’s, you know, - - it’s a pattern of conduct on his part. In other
words, I do think all of those things are relevant. I think they’re
probative, and I - - and, yeah, they are prejudicial. The only question
is whether their probative value is outweighed by any undo [sic]
prejudice. And I - - I don’t see any basis really to limit it to say, okay,
well you only get to talk about the cell phone, but you don’t get to talk
about the other things that are equally probative. I mean, they all are
separate, and I think they are all probative in this case, and I do think
that the probative value does outweigh any prejudicial effect that it
would have in this case.

So as prejudicial as it may be, I mean, I think it’s not unduly
prejudicial based on the probative value. And so I am going to - - I’ll
allow - - and then we get to the - - I mean, and really I think you can -
- I mean, I think the intimidation aspect of it is certainly - - certainly
probative and relevant because it’s directly related to this case and - -
so anyway, so I am going to authorize - - I mean, I am going to allow
all four of those other crimes to be introduced into evidence for the
reasons that I stated.

At defense counsel’s request, the trial court noted Defendant’s objection for the

record.

Although the trial court stated that it was going to allow “all four” of the

other crimes incidents to be introduced into evidence, there were actually five

incidents of other crimes evidence. Even though the State also stated that the

incidents were four in number, the State was apparently referring to the two

convictions for distribution as one incident. The State informed the court that

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Defendant pled to two counts of distribution, which were charged in the same bill.

Thus, despite the confusion as to the number of other crimes incidents admitted by

the trial court, we interpret the trial court’s ruling as admitting all of the incidents

offered by the State, which were five in number.

Defendant’s Argument in Brief

Appellate counsel argues the State failed to prove that the cell phone

incident was connected to the current offenses. Appellate counsel also argues that

the two counts of distribution of crack cocaine were not relevant in time, were not

similar to the current offenses, did not prove an element in either of the current

offenses, and were highly prejudicial. According to Defendant, the introduction of

these convictions did nothing more than paint Defendant in a bad light and

highlight his long-term incarceration. As for the other two instances of other

crimes evidence—the synthetic marijuana found in Ramen noodles in Defendant’s

jail cell and the intimidation of Mr. Andrews —Defendant contends the State failed

to sufficiently prove those offenses. Defendant argues that the State failed to prove

the substance removed from the Ramen noodles was, in fact, synthetic

cannabinoids and failed to prove that Defendant committed the crime of

intimidation of a witness. The information provided at the pre-trial hearing on the

admissibility of this evidence, Defendant contends, “fell short of what was required

to satisfy the proof elements as to these offense [sic] for admission at trial.”

State’s Argument in Brief

The State counters by arguing that the other crimes evidence was necessary

to show Defendant’s motive, preparation, and plan to possess and distribute the

drug contraband within the prison. This evidence, the State contends, was related

and intertwined with the current charges, was relevant, and was necessary.

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Accordingly, the State argues that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

allowing the prejudicial evidence to be introduced at trial.

Analysis and Jurisprudence

The supreme court has held that a “district court’s ruling on the admissibility

of other crimes evidence will not be overturned absent an abuse of discretion.”

State v. Taylor, 16-1124, 16-1183, p. 18 (La. 12/1/16), 217 So.3d 283, 296.

Louisiana Code of Evidence Article 404(B) provides, in pertinent part:

B. Other crimes, wrongs, or acts. (1) Except as provided in
Article 412, evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not
admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he
acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for
other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent,
preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake or accident,
provided that upon request by the accused, the prosecution in a
criminal case shall provide reasonable notice in advance of trial, of the
nature of any such evidence it intends to introduce at trial for such
purposes, or when it relates to conduct that constitutes an integral part
of the act or transaction that is the subject of the present proceeding.

In Taylor, 217 So.3d at 291 (emphasis in original), the supreme court stated

the following regarding the State’s burden of proving the commission of the other

crimes evidence:

[W]e now recognize and hold that when seeking to introduce evidence
pursuant to La. C.E. art. 404(B), the state need only make a showing
of sufficient evidence to support a finding that the defendant
committed the other crime, wrong, or act.

Additionally, the supreme court stated:

Code of Evidence article 404(B)(1) embodies the settled
principle that evidence of other crimes may be admissible if the state
establishes an independent and relevant reason for its admission. . . .
Moreover, even when the other crimes evidence is offered for a
purpose allowed under Article 404(B)(1), the evidence must have
substantial relevance independent from showing defendant’s general
criminal character and thus is not admissible unless it tends to prove a
material fact at issue or to rebut a defendant’s defense. . . . It is the
duty of the district court in its gatekeeping function to determine the
independent relevancy of this evidence. The district court must also

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balance the probative value of the other crimes, wrongs or acts
evidence against its prejudicial effects before the evidence can be
admitted.

Id. at 292 (citations omitted).

Before addressing the merits of Defendant’s arguments on appeal, we note

that not all of Defendant’s arguments are properly before this court on appeal. It is

well-settled that a Defendant may not raise an argument on appeal that was not

asserted in a contemporaneous objection at trial. La.Code Crim.P. art. 841. “This

rule applies to instances where a party objected to the introduction of evidence at

trial on one ground but either adds to or changes the basis for challenging the

evidence on appeal.” State v. Landry, 08-318, p. 6 (La.App. 3 Cir. 10/1/08)

(unpublished opinion) (citing State v. Clayton, 427 So.2d 827 (La.1982); State v.

Ford, 349 So.2d 300 (La.1977)).2

At the pre-trial hearing in the present case, Defendant objected to the cell

phone incident as being totally unrelated to the drug charges currently at issue.

Defendant also appeared to concede that all of the drug related offenses were

relevant and admissible but contended that the State’s introduction of all of the

other crimes incidents involving drugs was “simply a pile-on charge that it [sic] is

excessive.” Defendant’s counsel made no argument pertaining to the intimidation

of a witness incident. Considering the arguments asserted at the pre-trial hearing,

we find that the following arguments alleged by appellate counsel were not raised

in the trial court and should not be considered on appeal: 1) that the two

convictions of distribution of crack cocaine were not relevant in time, were not

similar to the current offenses, did not prove an element of the current offense, and

were highly prejudicial standing alone; 2) that the introduction of those

2
This case is cited at 2008 WL 4415697.

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convictions did nothing more than paint Defendant in a bad light and highlight his

long-term incarceration; and 3) that the State failed to sufficiently prove the

incident involving the synthetic marijuana found in the Ramen noodles and the

incident involving Defendant’s intimidation of Mr. Andrews. Although appellate

counsel makes some specific arguments regarding the cell phone conviction that

were properly preserved and should be addressed, appellate counsel does not argue

anything regarding trial counsel’s “pile-on” argument asserted at the pre-trial

hearing. Thus, we find that the “pile-on” argument is abandoned. Uniform

Rules—Courts of Appeal, Rule 2–12.4(B)(4). State v. Cofer, 16-871 (La.App. 3

Cir. 4/5/17), 216 So.3d 313, writ denied, 17-1150 (La. 5/11/18), 241 So.3d 1014.

Regarding the other crimes incident involving the cell phone, both trial

counsel and appellate counsel argue that the State failed to prove the cell phone

incident was connected to the current offenses. Specifically, appellate counsel

argues that the State offered no proof that the cell phone was used in any way to

obtain drugs:

There was no testimony concerning the call log on the phone, a search
of the Sims card or any other indication that the cell phone was used
to commit a crime. Additionally, the cell phone was taken from
Henry’s possession in 2014. The drugs at issue concern an alleged
distribution (and thus possession) in 2017. Thus, the cell phone was
in no way connected to this charge. Additionally, this charge
occurred after the February 18, 2017, shakedown where the deputy
testified that Henry’s person and cell was searched and no other drugs
were found.

Although the cell phone found in Defendant’s cell was not a drug, it was

nonetheless contraband found in Defendant’s jail cell. We agree with the trial

court that the cell phone was relevant to show Defendant’s possession of

contraband while in jail and relevant to show a means by which Defendant could

communicate regarding illegal activity. Because of Defendant’s claim that he was

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not the person who gave Mr. Andrews the tissue containing contraband (synthetic

marijuana), the evidence of Defendant’s prior possession of contraband in jail was

relevant and highly probative to prove opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,

knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident. Furthermore, we find that

the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding the probative value of all of the

other crimes evidence outweighed the prejudicial effect of such evidence.

Harmless Error Analysis

In State v. Garcia, 09-1578, p. 55 (La. 11/16/12), 108 So.3d 1, 39, cert.

denied, 570 U.S. 926, 133 S.Ct. 2863 (2013), the supreme court stated the

following with respect to the applicability of harmless error to the erroneous

admission of other crimes evidence:

Finally, the erroneous admission of other crimes evidence has long
been held subject to harmless error review. La.Code Crim. Proc. art.
921; State v. Johnson, 94–1379, pp. 14–15 (La.11/27/95), 664 So.2d
94, 100–01 (errors leading to improper admission of evidence subject
to harmless-error analysis; error harmless if verdict “surely
unattributable” to error)(quoting Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275,
279, 113 S.Ct. 2078, 2081, 124 L.Ed.2d 182 (1993)).

As stated in the assignment of error regarding the sufficiency of the

evidence, Defendant was identified by Mr. Andrews as the perpetrator of the

offenses at issue. The jurisprudence is clear that the testimony of one witness is

sufficient to convict a defendant. Consequently, even if the other crimes evidence

was erroneously admitted, the error would be harmless. Accordingly, this

assignment lacks merit.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER FOUR

Defendant argues that he was denied the right to a fair trial because the State

improperly referred to his choice to remain silent during closing argument.

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Defendant specifies two instances in which he contends the State impermissibly

referred to his right to remain silent. The first instance is the following:

We talked about defendant’s right to remain silent. The judge
is going to tell you, you can’t hold it against him. The defendant is
not required to testify. No presumption of guilt may be raised and no
inference of any kind can may [sic] be drawn from the fact the
defendant did not testify. I’m with that 100 percent. That’s our laws.

Appellate counsel acknowledges the State’s argument that it was simply

stating the law, but asserts, without citing any authority, that any mention of

Defendant’s choice to exercise his Fifth Amendment privilege was improper and

placed emphasis on Defendant’s silence. Appellate counsel argues that this is

especially true in light of the following statement by the State in its rebuttal closing

argument:

Don’t pay any attention to the fact that his client does not once
say, “Well, here’s the deal, ladies and gentlemen.” He says, you
know, “It’s often in my line of work that inmates always have the law
wrong.” If he’s innocent, he doesn’t have to worry about audio/video.
He doesn’t have to worry about marked currency. I’d be pounding on
that phone on my door to my attorney, “I didn’t have anything. It
wasn’t in my possession, actual or constructive. I have no idea what
they’re talking about.”

Appellate counsel argues that the above excerpt was a direct reference by the State

to Defendant’s failure to testify and claim his innocence. Considering the two

remarks, appellate counsel contends that Defendant’s constitutional right to remain

silent was violated and should not be considered harmless.

After closing arguments, closing instructions, and the jury’s retirement to

deliberations, defense counsel stated the following:

MR. WHITE:

I have to pro forma enter a motion, without argument. I’m
moving for a mistrial for the purpose that the Fifth Amendment
privilege was mentioned in closing arguments. But I have no - - I
have no further exposition or leverage.

40

MR. MURRAY:

Judge, I simply read from the jury instructions, - -

MR. WHITE:

I know.

MR. MURRAY:

--Your Honor.

MR. WHITE:

There’s no argument.

THE COURT:

Yeah. I’m just wondering - - okay. I don’t recall what I - -
what I may have missed on that, but anyway, I don’t - - it didn’t stand
out to me. So anyway, I’m going to deny the motion for mistrial.

MR. WHITE:

We just ask that the Court note our objection for the record.

THE COURT:

All right. The objection is noted for the record.

Subsequently, Defendant filed a Motion for New Trial, stating the following:

During closing arguments, counsel for the State pointedly
referenced Defendant’s exercise of his 5th Amendment right not to
testify at trial. Defendant was prejudiced thereby in that his decision
not to testify was emphasized, thereby drawing the Jury’s attention to
his silence and implicitly framing same as both an appropriate subject
for closing argument and as a matter to be considered during
deliberations.

In the motion, defense counsel stated that before any arguments were heard

regarding the motion for new trial, he would file a memorandum in support. It

does not appear, however, that any memorandum was filed nor does it appear that

any arguments were heard. The trial court denied the motion by written order.

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Defendant also filed a “Motion for Amendment, Modification or Reconsideration

of Sentence” due to the State’s reference to Defendant’s right to remain silent. The

trial court denied the motion on December 14, 2018.

Regarding the first alleged improper argument, the State contends that the

prosecutor was simply stating the law applicable to the case (which was later

referred to in jury instructions) and was not referring to Defendant’s failure to

testify. As the State asserts, argument as to the law applicable to the case is

permissible argument. La.Code Crim.P. art. 774.

The second alleged improper argument, the State contends, was a response

to defense counsel’s attempt in his closing argument “to explain away the jail calls

the jury heard” and was not a reference to Defendant’s failure to testify.

Additionally, the State argues that trial counsel did not mention the second

improper argument when he moved for the mistrial. Thus, any argument on appeal

as to the second allegation of improper argument is waived. La.Code Crim.P. art.

841.

Furthermore, the State asserts that trial counsel’s motion for mistrial as to

the first alleged improper reference was not timely since it was made after both

sides presented closing arguments, after a jury recess, after the jury instructions,

and after the jury had been dismissed to deliberate. This court has stated the

following regarding the timeliness of a motion for mistrial:

While counsel for defendant promptly objected to the remark
about the mandatory penalty made by the State during rebuttal
argument, counsel did not contemporaneously move for a mistrial or
request the court to admonish the jury to disregard the State’s remark.
Defense counsel also did not contemporaneously object to or move for
a mistrial when the District Attorney made a statement about a
possible probated sentence for manslaughter. It was not until after the
jury was instructed on the law by the court and had retired to begin
deliberations that defense counsel made his motion for a mistrial and

42

presented his arguments in support of the motion. The trial court
denied the motion.

LSA-C.Cr.P. Art. 841 provides, in part, that:

“An irregularity or error cannot be availed of after verdict
unless it was objected to at the time of occurrence. . . .”

The Louisiana Supreme Court has recognized that an objection
or a motion for a mistrial is timely when the motion is made upon
conclusion of the closing argument or shortly thereafter. State v.
Gaines, 347 So.2d 1153 (La.1977); State v. Lee, 346 So.2d 682
(La.1977). However, in the present case, defense counsel did not
move for a mistrial until after the jury had been instructed and retired
to begin deliberating. This was not at the conclusion of the closing
argument or even shortly thereafter.

The purpose of the contemporaneous objection rule is twofold:
(1) to put the trial judge on notice of any alleged irregularity so that he
may immediately cure the problem and (2) to prevent a defendant
from gambling for a favorable verdict and then resorting to appeal on
errors that might easily have been corrected by timely objection and
request for an admonition or mistrial. State v. Thomas, 427 So.2d 428
(La.1982); State v. Falls, 544 So.2d 27 (La.App. 4 Cir.1989).
Requiring a contemporaneous motion for a mistrial prevents defense
counsel from sitting on an error and gambling unsuccessfully on the
verdict. State v. Arvie, 505 So.2d 44 (La.1987).

Because there was no contemporaneous objection to the District
Attorney’s remark about the possibility of a probated sentence for a
conviction of manslaughter and because the motion for a mistrial, in
this case, was not made until after the court had instructed the jury and
retired it to deliberate, the court was, in effect, denied the opportunity
to admonish the jury and immediately cure any alleged prejudicial
effect the District Attorney’s remarks may have had. For these
reasons, we find that the defendant’s motion for a mistrial was
untimely and, therefore, on appeal we cannot consider the trial court’s
denial of this motion as error. La.C.Cr.P. Art. 841.

State v. Ebarb, 558 So.2d 765, 769-70 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1990).

Likewise, by failing to present any objection or motion for mistrial,

Defendant waived his right to complain of the second alleged improper argument

in the trial court. Additionally, even though Defendant did request a mistrial as to

the State’s first alleged improper argument, the motion was untimely.

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Furthermore, Defendant did not offer any argument or law to support the motion

for mistrial. Thus, we find that Defendant failed to preserve any argument on

appeal as to the allegedly improper references by the State to his failure to testify.

For the foregoing reasons, this assignment lacks merit.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER FIVE

In his final assignment of error, Defendant contends that the mandatory life

sentence imposed by the trial court is excessive and that a downward departure was

appropriate. This claim has been rendered moot by the error patent discussed

above.

DECREE

Defendant’s convictions are affirmed. Defendant’s life sentence for

distribution of controlled dangerous substance, Schedule I, is vacated and the case

remanded for resentencing, with the trial court instructed to apply the version of

La.R.S. 15:529.1 as it was amended by 2017 La. Acts. 282 and before its

amendment by 2018 La. Acts 542. Additionally, Defendant’s sentence for

introduction of contraband into or upon the grounds of a state correctional

institution is vacated, and the case remanded for resentencing with the trial court

instructed to specify whether the sentence is to be served with or without hard

labor.

CONVICTIONS AFFIRMED; SENTENCES VACATED; AND

REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.

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