State of Louisiana v. Michael Calvin Duhon

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

20-513

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

MICHAEL CALVIN DUHON
A/K/A MICHAEL C. DUHON
A/K/A MICHAEL DUHON

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APPEAL FROM THE
FIFTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF LAFAYETTE, NO. CR 164436
HONORABLE MARILYN CARR CASTLE, DISTRICT JUDGE

**********

BILLY HOWARD EZELL
JUDGE

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Court composed of Sylvia R. Cooks, Chief Judge, Billy Howard Ezell, and D. Kent
Savoie, Judges.

SENTENCES VACATED; CIVIL MONEY
JUDGMENT VACATED; REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.

Donald Dale Landry
District Attorney, Fifteenth Judicial District
P. O. Box 3306
Lafayette, LA 70502
(337) 232-5170
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
State of Louisiana

Kenneth P. Hebert
Assistant District Attorney
Fifteenth Judicial District
P.O. Box 33885
Lafayette, LA 70501
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
State of Louisiana

Meghan Harwell Bitoun
P.O. Box 4252
New Orleans, LA 70119
(504) 470-4779
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT:
Michael Calvin Duhon

Michael Calvin Duhon
Madison Detention Center #3-D-3
158 Treatment Plant Road
Tallullah, LA 71282

EZELL, Judge.

The Defendant, Michael Calvin Duhon, is before this court on appeal of his

resentencing. In State v. Duhon, 19-639 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/1/20), 297 So.3d 892, writ

denied, 20-479 (La. 11/10/20), 303 So.3d 1036, writ denied, 20-672 (La. 11/10/20),

303 So.3d 1040, this court affirmed Defendant’s convictions for theft and money

laundering but vacated the sentences imposed on those counts as being

indeterminate. The trial court failed to specify to which count or counts the period

of probation applied. This court remanded for resentencing, instructing the trial

court that if any periods of probation were imposed, it must specify to which count

or counts the periods of probation applied. Id.

On July 30, 2020, the trial court held a hearing, at which it stated that it

“clarified” the sentences as follows: On the count of theft over $25,000.00, the trial

court sentenced Defendant to fifteen years at hard labor, with all but eleven years

suspended. On the count of money laundering, the trial court sentenced Defendant

to fifteen years at hard labor, with all but eleven years suspended. The trial court

ordered the sentences to run concurrently and stated that the term of probation would

be three years for each sentence, with the probation periods running concurrently

with each other and with parole. In addition to the normal conditions of probation,

the trial court ordered the following special conditions of probation: 1) Defendant

must perform sixty hours of community service – one-half being through litter

abatement; 2) Defendant must pay $150.00 to the Office of Probation and Parole for

the cost of the Presentence Investigation Report (PSI); 3) Defendant must pay court

costs of $435.50; 4) Defendant must pay restitution in the amount of $331,500.00;

5) Defendant must refrain from acting in any capacity as an investment advisor,

broker, or money manager, and 6) Defendant must refrain from any activity wherein

he would have access to assets of a third party. As for restitution, the trial court

listed it with the other conditions of probation but also stated that restitution was part

of “the sentence.”

On August 25, 2020, Defendant filed a Motion for Appeal and Designation of

Record regarding the sentences imposed by the trial court at resentencing. The

motion was granted on September 2, 2020. On November 30, 2020, Defendant’s

appellate counsel filed a brief pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87

S.Ct. 1396 (1967), seeking to withdraw from the case because of the lack of non-

frivolous issues to assert on review. On January 19, 2021, this court issued an order

to appellate counsel to submit a brief by February 3, 2021, addressing the issue of

whether Defendant’s sentences were indeterminate because the trial judge failed to

state on which count or counts restitution was imposed and addressing the issue of

whether Defendant’s sentences were indeterminate because the trial court failed to

clearly state whether the restitution was imposed as part of the sentence(s) or

imposed as a condition of probation.

On February 5, 2021, this court received a brief by appellate counsel

addressing the issues as requested by this court. Appellate counsel acknowledges

that Defendant’s sentences are “technically” indeterminate as to which count or

counts restitution was imposed but contends the sentences are not indeterminate as

to whether restitution was ordered as part of the sentences or whether it was imposed

as a condition of probation. Appellate counsel asserts the trial court clearly imposed

restitution as part of Defendant’s sentence(s). Appellate counsel requests this court

to remand the case to a different judge if it decides the case must be remanded for

resentencing. Defendant filed a pro se brief alleging numerous errors. Most of the

errors involve his convictions, which are now final and are not properly before the

2

court. Defendant attempts, however, to bootstrap his conviction claims by asserting

that a valid sentence must be based on a valid conviction. Like appellate counsel,

Defendant asks this court to remand for resentencing before a different judge,

claiming the current judge is prejudiced against him. Finally, as for the trial court’s

restitution order, Defendant claims the trial court’s order had no evidentiary basis

and was imposed without legal authority. The was issued a “10-day order” on March

5, 2021, to file a brief by March 11, 2021, or possibly be cited for contempt of court.

The State’s brief was received by the court on March 15, 2021.

Subsequently, Defendant filed a supplemental pro se brief on March 18, 2021,

and a pro se reply brief on April 1, 2021. He alleged errors regarding the “Civil

Money Judgment of Restitution” issued by the trial court on December 9, 2019, and

filed into the mortgage records on December 11, 2019.

As will be discussed, the sentences imposed at resentencing are once again

indeterminate. Thus, the sentences must be vacated, and the case remanded for

resentencing.

FACTS

In Defendant’s original appeal, this court stated the following regarding the

facts of this case:

In this criminal matter, Defendant, Michael Calvin Duhon, stole
more than $400,000.00 in land and retirement funds from the victim,
Marie Dutsch. Defendant’s theft involved a complex financial scheme
whereby he moved the money through shell corporations and different
bank accounts to conceal the funds’ source. As a result, Defendant was
charged by bill of information with one count of theft over $25,000.00
in violation of La.R.S. 14:67, one count of money laundering in
violation of La.R.S. 14:230(B)(5) and (E)(4), and one count of
exploitation of the infirmed in violation of La.R.S. 14:93.4. Following
a jury trial in February 2019, Defendant was acquitted of the charge of

3

exploitation of the infirmed but found guilty regarding the remaining
two offenses.

Duhon, 297 So.3d at 894-95.

ERRORS PATENT

In accordance with La.Code Crim.P. art. 920, all appeals are reviewed for

errors patent on the face of the record. There are two errors patent involving the

sentences imposed that have been briefed by appellate counsel.

Upon remand, Defendant filed numerous post-trial motions, including

motions for new trial, motions for post-verdict judgments of acquittal, and motions

in arrest of judgment, all of which were denied by the trial court as duplicative.1 The

trial court also ruled that it was too late for Defendant to file these motions as they

involved matters that had already “gone up on appeal.” When Defendant asserted

that the trial court must delay sentencing until twenty-four hours after the denial of

his post-trial motions, the trial judge stated the twenty-four delay did not apply since

the denial was based on the repetitiousness of the motions, not their merits.

We find the trial court was correct in finding the twenty-four-hour delay did

not apply. In State v. Lambert, 52,004 (La.App. 2 Cir. 5/23/18), 248 So.3d 621, the

second circuit found the La.Code Crim.P. art. 873 delay did not appear to apply since

the trial court denied the post-trial motion as procedurally improper rather than on

its merits. Moreover, since Defendant’s post-trial motions attacked his convictions,

they were not properly before the trial court. Since Defendant’s convictions were

affirmed by this court and are now final, the only portion of the record that is now

1
Although the trial court denied the motions at the resentencing hearing, the trial court also
issued a written order filed August 6, 2020, stating that it was denying all the post-trial motions
“based on duplicity, as the allegations have already been presented to and ruled upon by the
Court . . . . Defendant is not permitted to continue to urge the same post-trial motions which have
already been disposed of by the trial court and considered on appeal.”

4

subject to review on appeal is the resentencing proceeding. See State v. Brown, 19-

370 (La.App. 5 Cir. 1/15/20), 289 So.3d 1179, writ denied, 20-276 (La. 6/22/20),

297 So.3d 721, cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, ___ S.Ct. ___ (2021), where the fifth

circuit found Brown could not challenge his conviction on an appeal of his

resentencing when his conviction became final after the Louisiana Supreme Court

denied writs. The fifth circuit stated, “[Brown’s] resentencing [did] not allow him

the opportunity to challenge his previously affirmed convictions . . . .” Brown, 289

So.3d at 1187. Likewise, Defendant’s resentencing did not allow him the

opportunity to challenge his previously affirmed convictions. Accordingly, we find

the trial court did not err in denying Defendant’s request to delay sentencing by

twenty-four hours.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR AND BRIEFED ISSUE NUMBER ONE

In this assignment of error, appellate counsel addresses the first issue this

court ordered her to brief - whether the sentences imposed by the trial court at

resentencing were indeterminate because the trial court failed to state on which count

or counts the restitution was imposed. While agreeing the sentences are

“technically” indeterminate, appellate counsel suggests a commonsense

interpretation of the sentences indicates the restitution was imposed as part of the

theft sentence.

Resentencing Hearing

The trial judge stated the following when she resentenced Defendant:

THE COURT: Right. Okay. All right. So, again, as I said,
we are here because the Third Circuit wants clarification on the
pronouncement made by the Court in regard to the sentences that were
imposed.

And so, to clarify what the Court did in sentencing in this matter
- - and I will repeat what was said before - - on the count of theft over

5

$25,000, the sentence is 15 years at hard labor. And all but 11 years of
that sentence is suspended.

And, on the count for money laundering, the sentence is also 15
years at hard labor, with all but 11 years of that sentence suspended.
And both of those sentences run concurrent.

I also want to make sure it’s clear, for the record, that the terms
of probation will be three years for the suspended part of the sentence,
and that the probation on each sentence will run concurrent, and also
that probation will run concurrent with parole. Because Mr. Duhon will
parole, and I want his probation to begin once he begins parole.

The conditions of probation, as I have previously stated, are all
of the normal conditions of probation, in regard to the requirements of
the Department of Probation and Parole, which include reporting as
directed, remaining free from criminal activity, refraining from owning
or possessing firearms or dangerous weapons, refraining from use or
possession of any drugs not prescribed or any alcohol.

Also, requiring the defendant to remain within the jurisdiction of
the Court and not to leave, except with permission of the probation
officer.

Special conditions which apply are to receive follow-up mental
health treatment as recommended by the Department of Correction - -

....

THE COURT: - - perform 60 hours of community service -
-
....

THE COURT: - - half through litter abatement - - pay a $150
fee to the Office of Probation and Parole for the cost of the PSI, pay
court costs of $435.50, and the restitution, which the Court is imposing
as part of the sentence.

And that restitution is in the amount of $331,500.00, which is a
part of the sentence in this case. But, certainly, as a part of probation,
that is to be monitored by probation and parole.

But I do note that the $331,500.00 in restitution is a part of the
sentence. It is a nondischargeable debt, because it’s based on
defalcation.

I also note that another condition of probation is prohibition from
acting in any capacity as an investment advisor, broker, or money

6

manager, or serving in any capacity in which the defendant would have
access to money of a third party or assets of a third party.

We find that each time the trial court mentioned restitution, it stated that

restitution was imposed as part of “the sentence” even though two sentences had

been imposed. In State v. Pope, 19-670 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/10/20), 299 So.3d 161,

writ denied, 20-852 (La. 10/6/20), 302 So.3d 532, this court found the trial court

imposed indeterminate sentences when it failed to specify on which count or counts

it imposed several terms of the sentence, including restitution.

Appellant’s Counsel’s Argument in Brief

Although appellate counsel concedes the sentences are technically

indeterminate, appellate counsel takes issue with this court’s order requiring her to

brief the issue. First, appellate counsel submits the trial court’s original sentence

and the sentence imposed at resentencing are basically the same regarding

restitution. Thus, appellate counsel appears to be questioning why this court did not

mention the error in the original appeal. Secondly, appellate counsel suggests that a

“common sense” reading of the resentencing indicates the trial court connected the

restitution to the theft count. Appellate counsel argues:

The court set out its ruling in part:

And that restitution is in the amount of
[$331,500.00], which is part of the sentence in this case.
It is a nondischargeable debt, because it’s based on
defalcation.

Although it could be argued that the court order might allow one to
connect the restitution component to both the theft and the money
laundering counts, common sense also suggests that it applies to the
count that represents the amount of the loss to the victim, as to which
the restitution makes the victim whole: the theft count. Additionally,
the court’s ruling notes specifically that the restitution is non-
dischargeable because it relates to “defalcation,” or misappropriation
of funds, which is a direct reference to an element of the crime of theft.
See La.R.S. 14:67.

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Even though appellate counsel suggests this court could find the restitution

order is determinate, appellate counsel concludes this discussion by stating, “Either

way, the trial court failed to state on which count or counts restitution was imposed.”

Appellate counsel discusses several prior cases in which a sentence was

deemed indeterminate and the matter remanded for resentencing based on the trial

court’s failure to specify on which count or counts restitution was imposed. In these

cases, appellate counsel contends, some other ambiguity also existed, such as the

amount of restitution was not specified, the victim was not specified, or the

sentencing terms were indeterminate. Appellate counsel states the following in

support of upholding the sentence despite the technical deficiency:

The restitution imposed here, while technically indeterminate for
the court’s failure to specify which count or counts, is not impossible,
difficult, or confusing to enforce. Here, there are two crimes – theft and
money laundering – and there is one victim. Undersigned counsel has
had multiple conversations with the Department of Corrections Board
of Probation and Parole in this case, and the calculation and
enforcement of Mr. Duhon’s sentence is not in question. Mr. Duhon
has been eligible for parole since January 9 of this year, and he had a
good time release date of September 13, 2021. The restitution ordered
is in a specific amount, precisely related to the State’s evidence of theft
at trial. And while Mr. Duhon and his counsel maintain that the State’s
evidence of theft was insufficient for a criminal conviction, that
conviction has been thoroughly tested in this Court and brought to the
attention of the Louisiana Supreme Court, to no avail. Thus, the
conviction stands as proven in the eyes of the law. Finally, the
restitution is ordered only in the singular victim’s name. There is,
accordingly, no confusion as to how much restitution was ordered and
to whom it must be paid.

While suggesting this court could find the sentences determinate by

interpreting the restitution order as applying to the theft sentence, appellate counsel

also suggests that if this court chooses to find the sentences indeterminate, it should

appoint a different trial judge for resentencing:

On remand, this Court would have the opportunity to remedy the
injustice in the sentencing of the case—the fact that the trial court taped

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Mr. Duhon’s mouth shut at his first sentence—by remanding the case
to another judge for resentencing. See, e.g., State v. Dondis, 488 So.2d
454, 457 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1986). Crucial to this determination would be
considering Mr. Duhon’s claim in Assignment of Error number 4 of the
Original brief of his original case, number 19-639, the records of both
cases, and Mr. Duhon’s pro se pleadings in the record of this case which
establish that personal differences or bias between Mr. Duhon and the
trial judge in this case may have interfered with his sentence.

In a footnote, appellate counsel further stresses her proposition that

Defendant’s sentence can be adequately interpreted and further mentions the fact

that Defendant’s mouth was duct taped at his original sentencing hearing:

It should be noted that counsel has been in touch with the
Louisiana Department of Corrections, which had no trouble calculating
Mr. Duhon’s sentence in this case. So while a technical error was
corrected on remand, it had no meaningful effect on Mr. Duhon or his
rights. Meanwhile, Mr. Duhon’s claim that his Sixth and Eighth
Amendment rights had been infringed was never ruled on. And the fact
that a sentencing court taped defendant’s mouth shut at sentencing was
never reviewed for its legal propriety under La.C.Cr.P. art. 17, State v.
Duhon, at p. 30. Declining to address the issue of whether the trial court
acted outside of its inherent authority when it taped Mr. Duhon’s mouth
shut during sentencing, this Court ruled:

. . . Defendant contends that the trial court acted outside of
its inherent authority when it taped his mouth shut during
sentencing. He requests that this court vacate his sentence
and remand for resentencing. Within that assignment of
error, Defendant includes a paragraph alleging the
evidence does not support the extensive prison term of
fifteen years and that a probationary term with the
imposition of restitution would be more just. In light of
our finding above that Defendant’s sentence be vacated
and the case remanded for resentencing due to an
illegality, this claim is moot.
Duhan, supra, at p. 30.

So that instance, wherein a court taped a defendant’s mouth shut during
sentencing, is part of the caselaw now, having never been corrected, or
even addressed, by any court of review. Instead, this Court remanded
for a new sentencing to the same trial court against which Mr. Duhon
alleged serious constitutional violations. The effect of declining to
address and mooting this claim on the merits precluded Mr. Duhon
from seeking further review on the issue. It also prevents him from
raising the error now. In addition, it opens the door for the issue to be

9

repeated, in another court and another case, infringing further on actual,
substantial rights of defendants.

Appellate counsel does not explain her statement that she is prevented from

raising the duct tape issue now. Nonetheless, appellate counsel does not argue the

merits of the issue in this appeal. In fact, appellate counsel originally filed an Anders

brief alleging she could find no non-frivolous errors to assert.

We now address the issue of whether this court should order another judge to

resentence Defendant upon remand.

An appellate court’s authority to remand for resentencing before a different

judge is provided for in the following article:

A. If the appellate court finds that a sentence must be set aside
on any ground, the court shall remand for resentence by the trial court.
The appellate court may give direction to the trial court concerning the
proper sentence to impose.

B. In the interest of justice, the appellate court may remand the
case for resentencing before a judge other than the judge who imposed
the initial sentence.

C. If necessary to an appropriate disposition of a motion to
reconsider sentence, the appellate court may remand the case to the trial
court with instructions to supplement the record or to hold an
evidentiary hearing.

D. The appellate court shall not set aside a sentence for
excessiveness if the record supports the sentence imposed.

La.Code Crim.P. art. 881.4.

We find there is not much jurisprudence that discusses Section B of the above

article. In the case cited by appellate counsel, State v. Dondis, 488 So.2d 454, 457

(La.App. 3 Cir. 1986), this court remanded for resentencing before a different judge

because it felt the trial court’s comments at resentencing indicated “a lack of

individualization or particularization of the sentence imposed on [the] defendant.”

This court noted that although the trial judge read letters written on Dondis’s behalf,

10

the trial judge may not have given them proper consideration considering the trial

judge’s concern that the letters were an attempt to “exert pressure” upon him. Id. at

456. Additionally, this court noted that the trial judge apparently believed the district

attorney had shown favoritism to Dondis. Id.

Dondis cited two cases in which such relief had been granted; State v. Soco,

441 So.2d 719 (La.1983); and State v. Jones, 473 So.2d 917 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1985).

In Soco, the supreme court remanded the case for resentencing before another judge

without specifying its reasons for doing so. The supreme court seemed to be

concerned, however, that the original sentencing judge imposed the maximum

sentence without consideration of the proper factors. The judge failed to state that

it had considered the factors set forth in La.Code Crim.P. art. 894.1 and evidently

failed to consider Soco’s lack of criminal history. Soco, 441 So.2d 719. The only

consideration recited by the trial court was Soco’s commission of perjury, which the

supreme court found was not necessarily a relevant factor for determining the proper

sentence and was certainly not sufficient to justify the maximum sentence. Id.

In Jones, 473 So.2d 917, this court issued a separate per curiam opinion

addressing the defendant’s request in a rehearing application that his case be

assigned to another judge for resentencing. In the original opinion, this court

remanded for resentencing because the sentencing judge made unwarranted

assumptions in imposing the sentence. State v. Jones, 473 So.2d 66 (La.App. 3 Cir.

1985). Those assumptions, this court stated, were that Jones made drug sales other

than the ones to which he pled guilty, and that Jones would receive assistance from

family members to pay his fines. Id. Granting Jones’s request for another judge to

resentence him, this court noted that the same judge had already sentenced Jones

11

twice and noted that the supreme court had granted such relief in Soco. Jones, 473

So.2d 917.

In State v. Ste. Marie, 01-1253 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/10/02), 824 So.2d 358, writ

denied, 02-1117 (La. 12/19/02), 835 So.2d 1288, this court again remanded a case

for resentencing before a different judge. In Ste. Marie, the trial court refused to

follow this court’s instructions upon remand of the case for resentencing:

Despite this court’s specific instruction to impose concurrent
sentences, the trial court imposed its own judgment and flouted the
order of this court. That is intolerable. . . .

....

Faced with a similar situation, the fourth circuit in State v.
Donaldson, 98-1015 (La.App. 4 Cir. 1/9/99); 726 So.2d 1003,
remanded the case to a different section of the district court for
resentencing. The court stated, “Therefore, because the trial court in
Section B refuses to reconsider the defendant’s sentence in the terms
suggested by the Supreme Court and then by this Court, the case is to
be remanded to a different section of Criminal District Court when the
defendant is resentenced as a multiple offender. La.C.Cr.P. art.
881.4(B).” Id. at 1005. The supreme court reversed the fourth circuit’s
decision on another ground but affirmed the court’s remand of the case
for sentencing before another judge. State v. Donaldson, 99-369
(La.9/3/99); 740 So.2d 103. Likewise, we remand the present case to a
different division of the district court for resentencing to concurrent
sentences as instructed by this court in State v. Ste. Marie, 97-168
(La.App. 3 Cir. 4/18/01); 801 So.2d 424.

Ste. Marie, 824 So.2d at 359-60.

Unlike the above cases, this court denied a request for resentencing to be

assigned to a different judge in State v. Richard, 99-1078 (La.App. 3 Cir. 12/27/00),

779 So.2d 927. In Richard, the defendant argued the trial judge was vindictive

towards him; thus, the case should be remanded for consideration by a different

judge. Quoting La.Code Crim.P. art. 881.4(B)’s requirement that an appellate court

may remand the case to a different judge “in the interest of justice,” this court stated:

12

However, “in the interest of justice,” we have found no reason in
the record to warrant a change. Specifically, Mr. Richard has failed to
show any vindictiveness or retaliatory motive on the trial court’s part.
Furthermore, we found no cases on point and note that the
jurisprudence on this provision is rather limited. In the case law,
881.4(B) has been employed when trial courts failed or refused to
comply with higher courts’ orders regarding re-sentencing. The present
case presents no such situation.

Id. at 935-36.

While not authority, we note the following dissent by Judge Barry of the

fourth circuit court of appeal. Judge Barry expressed his disagreement with the

majority’s decision to remand the case for resentencing before a different judge:

The reallotment ordered by the majority ex proprio motu is a
forced recusal which implies that the trial judge is prejudiced or that he
committed a grievous error(s). The reallotment hinges on the above
minor variances found in the reasons for sentence.

Article 881.4(B) has not been cited in any jurisprudence as a
basis to remove a trial judge from a case. See State v. Winters, 612
So.2d 259 (La.App. 4th Cir.1992), which did not cite art. 881.4(B).
Article 881.4(B) should be reserved for egregious conduct which is not
present here. Judge Cannizzaro conducted a fair trial and is in the best
position to sentence the defendant. His forced recusal by this Court is
not “appropriate to ensure that this defendant receives a fair and
particularized sentence.”

State v. Soraparu, 96-116, p. 1 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/5/97), 688 So.2d 1320, 1324

(dissent, Barry, J.).

Considering the cases cited above, the present case is not the type of case

wherein a different judge should be assigned to Defendant’s resentencing. As in

Richard, this is not a case wherein the trial court has failed or refused to comply with

this court’s orders regarding resentencing. Additionally, this is not a case wherein

the maximum sentence was imposed based on inadequate reasons. For theft,

Defendant was sentenced to fifteen years at hard labor, with all but eleven years

suspended, and placed on three years of probation. According to the version of

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La.R.S. 14:67 in effect at the time Defendant committed the theft offense, Defendant

could have been sentenced from five to twenty years with or without hard labor

and/or fined not more than $50,000.00 2 . La.R.S. 14:67(B)(1). For money

laundering, Defendant was sentenced to fifteen years at hard labor, with all but

eleven years suspended, and placed on probation for three years. According to the

version of La.R.S.14:230(E)(4) in effect at the time Defendant committed the money

laundering offense, Defendant could have been sentenced to a minimum sentence of

five years and a maximum sentence of ninety-nine years at hard labor and a fine of

not more than $50,000.00.3 The sentences and probation terms were ordered to run

concurrently. Defendant was also ordered to pay restitution in the amount of

$331,500.00. We find the Defendant’s sentences were nowhere near the maximum

sentences he could have received.

Furthermore, the trial court considered and stated adequate grounds for the

sentences imposed. Before imposing Defendant’s original sentences, the trial court

held two hearings regarding the restitution amount and the terms of imprisonment

that should be imposed. Before imposing the sentences, the trial court stated:

THE COURT: Okay. Well, we have had extensive hearings on
these issues. Considering the evidence that was put on today, as well
as the evidence we heard at the initial sentencing hearing, the Court has
tried to foster ways that restitution might be accomplished.

It seems like that’s not going to be something that’s going to be
easily done. And so I agree with what Mr. Odinet has said. It does not
appear that Mr. Duhon voluntarily wants to make any restitution to [the
victim].

2
Defendant was charged with subsection (B)(1) of La.R.S. 14:67 between the dates of
January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2015. This subsection was amended in 2017 to delete the
required minimum of five years and to make the imprisonment necessarily punishable at hard labor.
2017 La. Acts. No. 281.
3
Defendant was charged by amended bill of information with violating subsection (E)(4)
of La.R.S. 14:230 between the dates of January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2015. That subsection
of La.R.S. 14:230 was amended in 2017 to reduce the mandatory minimum to two years and the
maximum sentence to fifty years. 2017 La. Acts. No. 281.

14

I have considered the presentence report in this matter. I’ve
considered all of the matters that have been presented to the Court at
these two hearings. And I do make the following findings regarding
sentence:

I do note that Mr. Duhon does not have prior felony convictions.
I do note that he has previously engaged in similar activities. And I
think there is an undue risk he’s going to continue to commit similar
crimes.

I note that he - - this crime involved the theft of a substantial
amount of money, so it constitutes a major economic crime. I believe
that he - - there’s a need for correctional confinement and treatment.

As Mr. Odinet has pointed out, I think that there were also
attempts in this case to conceal the activities that had taken place. And
I think a lesser sentence would deprecate the seriousness of this.

On the other hand, I am hoping that I can fashion a sentence that
will, in some way, allow [the victim] to receive some restitution for the
losses that she has suffered.

Finally, we find that even if the duct tape issue was squarely before this court,

it would likely be meritless. When appellate counsel raised the issue in the original

appeal, she acknowledged that Defendant repeatedly interjected in the proceeding

being held in the trial court. The trial court also warned Defendant that she would

put duct tape over his mouth if he did not stop interrupting. According to the

transcript of the pertinent proceeding, the trial court ordered the duct tape placed

over Defendant’s mouth. Defense counsel objected and asked the trial judge to

remove Defendant instead. Defendant repeated that he could not breathe while

defense counsel continued to object and while the trial court tried to proceed with

the hearing. The trial court correctly noted that Defendant had to be present for

sentencing. La.Code Crim.P. art. 835. At the beginning of the very next page of the

transcript, the trial court ordered the bailiff to remove the duct tape, warning

Defendant that she would put the duct tape back on if Defendant kept interrupting.

15

During the time Defendant’s mouth was duct taped, no substantive evidence was

received by the trial court.

In Defendant’s original brief, appellate counsel acknowledged the trial court’s

authority to require criminal proceedings be conducted with dignity and order but

contended the trial court’s actions fell outside of that authority. Without citing any

authority other than the Sixth and Eighth Amendments of the United States

Constitution, appellate counsel asserted the trial judge had no authority to physically

cover Defendant’s mouth or interfere with his breathing. We find that since

Defendant continued to talk while the duct tape was on his mouth, the duct tape did

not interfere with his breathing enough to interfere with his ability to speak.

Furthermore, the duct tape was taken off shortly after it was put on. Finally, we find

the jurisprudence supports the type of measure taken by the trial judge in this case.

In State v. Brewer, 301 So.2d 630, 635 (La.1974), the supreme court stated

the following:

In his Per curiam attached to these bills the judge states that he
was acting pursuant to the powers granted him under C.Cr.P. Art. 17,
which gives a court the power and the duty to require that criminal
proceedings be conducted in a dignified, orderly, and expeditious
manner and to control the proceedings so that justice is done. In order
to protect the right of these defendants to be present during a capital
trial, the court felt that the discipline employed was necessary. We hold
that the judge abused his discretion by taping and shackling one of the
defendants, Wilkerson. However, it was no abuse of discretion to do so
to the other, Brewer. Defendant Brewer made clear his intention to
disrupt the court and his disrespect for the proceedings in the colloquy
reproduced supra. However, defendant Wilkerson only made two
remarks, which are italicized, and neither of these manifested any
similar intent. It clearly appears that Wilkerson’s right to be present at
the trial free from the physical restraints necessitated by Brewer’s
disruptive attitude and actions was denied because of Brewer’s
behavior. A defendant who is taped cannot possibly confer with his
attorney during the course of the trial. Additionally, regardless of the
judge’s charges to the contrary, it is conceivable that the jury might be
somewhat prejudiced by seeing him in this condition; the defendant has
a right to a trial free from any such prejudice unless he abuses this right,

16

as defendant Brewer did in this case. On this basis, we feel that we must
reverse defendant Wilkerson’s conviction and sentence and remand his
case for a new trial.

There was no reversible error as to defendant Brewer. Under the
United States Supreme Court holding in Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337,
90 S.Ct. 1057, 25 L.Ed.2d 353 (1970) a trial judge may in his discretion
bind and gag an obstreperous defendant, thereby permitting his
continued presence in the courtroom. The record supports the court’s
decision that such measures were necessary.

Likewise, the trial judge in the present case was acting within the powers

granted her under La.Code Crim.P. art. 17, which imposes on courts the duty to

require that criminal proceedings be conducted in a dignified, orderly, and

expeditious manner, and to control the proceedings so that justice is done. The trial

court’s actions were reasonable considering Defendant’s actions and his right to be

present for his sentencing hearing.

Finally, appellate counsel contends this court should review the records of

both of Defendant’s cases, as well as Defendant’s pro se pleadings, to see the

personal differences or bias between Defendant and the trial judge. Without citation

to specific page numbers and specific instances of conduct, this argument is not

sufficient. See Uniform Rules—Courts of Appeal Rule 2-12.4(9)(a). However, this

court will address the errors raised in Defendant’s pro se brief filed in this appeal.

For the foregoing reasons, this court finds Defendant’s sentences are

indeterminate because the trial judge failed to state on which count or counts

restitution was imposed. Thus, the sentences are vacated, and the case remanded for

resentencing. Appellate counsel’s request for the appointment of a different judge,

however, is denied.

17

BRIEFED ISSUE NUMBER TWO

Appellate counsel addresses the second issue this court ordered her to brief -

whether the sentences imposed by the trial court at resentencing were indeterminate

because the trial court failed to clearly state whether restitution was imposed as part

of the sentence(s) or was imposed as a condition of probation. As shown in the

imposition of the resentencing recited above, the trial court stated that restitution

was part of “the sentence,” but then followed with this statement: “But, certainly, as

a part of probation, that is to be monitored by probation and parole.” The trial court

immediately followed with a statement that the restitution is part of the sentence and

is a “nondischargeable debt, because it’s based on defalcation.” The written form

outlining the conditions of probation enumerated the following as a special condition

of probation: “Pay the court costs of $435.50 and restitution of $[] 331,500.00 which

was imposed as part of your sentence.” Finally, a civil money judgment signed by

the trial judge specifically states the judgement was being issued in accordance with

La.Code Crim.P. art. 895.1. The judgment itself, however, contains language that

could be interpreted as stating the restitution was imposed as part of Defendant’s

sentence(s).

The trial court’s references to both “the sentence” and “probation” when it

imposed restitution, as well as the written orders issued regarding the sentences,

make it unclear whether restitution was imposed as part of the sentence(s) or as part

of the conditions of probation. This court has found a sentence to be indeterminate

when it was unclear whether restitution was imposed as part of the principal sentence

or as a condition of probation. State v. Vidrine, 19-210 (La.App. 3 Cir. 10/2/19),

280 So.3d 664.

18

Arguing the sentences are not indeterminate, appellate counsel asserts:

The trial court in this case imposed restitution as part of the
sentence. At sentencing, the court noted “that restitution is in the
amount of $331,500, which is part of the sentence in this case.” R. 177.
The fact that the restitution is part of the sentence is repeated three times
on page 177 of the record. The fact that restitution is to be made as part
of the sentence is also made clear on the very first page of the record in
this case, with the entry stating, “The court noted that the restitution is
part of the sentence.” R. i.

The Code of Criminal Procedure provides for the imposition of
restitution as a condition of probation or as part of the sentence. See
La.C.Cr.P. arts. 895 and 895.1; and La. C.Cr.P. art. 883.2, respectively.
A restitution order is indeterminate if it is unclear whether the trial court
imposed the restitution as part of the principal sentence or as a condition
of probation. State v. Vidrine, 19-210 (La.App. 3 Cir. 10/2/2019), 280
So.3d 664, 669. In this case, the transcript and the first page of the
record state that restitution is part of the sentence and refers to article.
“83.2” —though through the context we can be confident that this is
either a typo or a misunderstanding by the court reporter. There is no
Code of Criminal Procedure Article 83.2, and the only possible Code
of Criminal Procedure Article this could be is Article 883.2, which
provides for restitution as part of the sentence. The trial court here
imposed restitution as part of the sentence. The sentence cannot be
found to be indeterminate on grounds that the court failed to specify
whether the restitution was imposed as part of the sentence or as a
condition of probation.

Considering the statements made by the trial court when it imposed the

sentences at resentencing and considering the written orders issued by the trial court

regarding the sentences imposed, this court finds the sentences imposed are

indeterminate as to whether restitution was imposed as part of the sentence(s) or as

a condition of probation. Thus, the sentences are vacated for this reason as well.

Upon remand for resentencing, this court instructs the trial court to clearly state

whether the restitution is imposed as part of the sentence(s) or as a condition of

probation.

19

PRO SE ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER ONE

Defendant filed a pro se brief alleging numerous errors, none of which are

divided into separate assignments of error. We have done our best to separate the

issues raised into assigned errors. Most of the errors alleged by Defendant attack his

convictions. As stated above, the trial court’s resentencing is the only matter

properly before this court for review. Thus, we find that all of Defendant’s

arguments regarding his convictions are improper and will not be considered by this

court.

PRO SE ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER TWO

Defendant contends his convictions and sentences should be vacated based on

double jeopardy. Although this claim involves Defendant’s convictions, which are

not properly before this court, the claim also involves Defendant’s sentences.

Furthermore, double jeopardy claims may be raised at any time. La.Code Crim.P.

art. 594.

Defendant claims his convictions and sentences for both theft and money

laundering violated the prohibition against double jeopardy. Defendant also claims

the trial judge has refused to rule on his double jeopardy claim. As the trial court

stated at resentencing, the double jeopardy issue was raised and ruled upon in

Defendant’s prior appeal. Duhon, 297 So.3d 892. Thus, the trial court did not refuse

to rule on the motion; rather, it found the motion had already been ruled upon.

Accordingly, this court rejects Defendant’s arguments in this assignment of error as

having already been decided on appeal.

PRO SE ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER THREE

Defendant asserts that in accordance with La.Code Crim.P. art. 881.4(B), this

court should remand this case for resentencing by a different judge. Defendant

20

contends this is appropriate in this case because the trial judge has refused to rule on

his double jeopardy motion, keeps imposing illegal sentences, and has a civil rights

action pending against her by Defendant. We have already addressed the issue of

whether this court should order resentencing before another judge. As previously

stated, this case is not like other cases wherein a different judge has been appointed

upon remand. Defendant’s pro se claims do not change this court’s

recommendation.

As previously stated, Defendant’s statement that the trial judge refuses to rule

on his double jeopardy motion is factually incorrect. The trial judge did not refuse

to rule upon the motion; rather, the trial judge found the double jeopardy issue had

already been decided on appeal. Additionally, the fact that the trial judge imposed

an illegal sentence at the original sentencing and at resentencing does not show any

vindictiveness or retaliatory motive on the trial court’s part, nor does it show an

unwillingness to follow this court’s instructions. See Richard, 779 So.2d 927, and

Ste. Marie, 824 So.2d at 358. Thus, these assertions do not warrant resentencing by

a different judge.

Finally, Defendant’s assertion that he has filed a civil lawsuit against the trial

judge is likewise not a reason for a different judge to resentence Defendant. At the

resentencing hearing, Defendant questioned whether the trial judge should be

imposing the sentence(s) since Defendant had filed a civil lawsuit against her. The

trial judge stated that she was unaware of the lawsuit, but, regardless, a lawsuit was

not a reason for her to recuse herself. This court notes that trial judges are presumed

to be impartial, and the jurisprudence has required more than the mere filing of a

lawsuit against a judge as sufficient grounds to recuse the judge. State v. Barker, 17-

469 (La.App. 4 Cir. 5/30/18), ___ So.3d ___, writ denied, 18-968 (La. 3/18/19), 267

21

So.3d 85; State v. McGill, 50,994 (La.App. 2 Cir. 1/11/17), 213 So.3d 1181.

Likewise, Defendant’s conclusory allegations of a lawsuit against the trial judge do

not warrant the appointment of a new judge for resentencing.

PRO SE ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR NUMBERS FOUR, FIVE, AND SIX

Defendant contends the restitution imposed by the trial court “had no legal

basis from [the] presented evidence or statute charged upon Defendant.” Defendant

contends his request for a restitution hearing was denied. Additionally, Defendant

claims that neither of the statutes pursuant to which he was convicted allow for the

imposition of restitution. Consequently, Defendant asserts that the December 9,

2019 civil money judgment issued by the trial court for the restitution amount was

issued for an illegal amount. Further, Defendant asserts the trial judge had no

jurisdiction to issue the civil money judgment since Defendant’s appeal was pending

in this court. Defendant asks this court to remove the December 9, 2019 civil money

judgment and to order the trial court to hold a restitution hearing.

First, the trial court was authorized to impose restitution upon Defendant

either as part of the sentences imposed or as part of the conditions of probation.

Restitution as part of a sentence is authorized by La.Code Crim.P. art. 883.2, which

states, in pertinent part:

A. In all cases in which the court finds an actual pecuniary loss
to a victim, or in any case where the court finds that costs have been
incurred by the victim in connection with a criminal prosecution, the
trial court shall order the defendant to provide restitution to the victim
as a part of any sentence that the court shall impose.

Restitution as a condition of probation is provided for in La.Code Crim.P. art.

895.1, which provides, in pertinent part:

A. (1) When a court places the defendant on probation, it shall,
as a condition of probation, order the payment of restitution in cases
where the victim or his family has suffered any direct loss of actual

22

cash, any monetary loss pursuant to damage to or loss of property, or
medical expense. The court shall order restitution in a reasonable sum
not to exceed the actual pecuniary loss to the victim in an amount
certain. However, any additional or other damages sought by the victim
and available under the law shall be pursued in an action separate from
the establishment of the restitution order as a civil money judgment
provided for in Subparagraph (2) of this Paragraph. The restitution
payment shall be made, in discretion of the court, either in a lump sum
or in monthly installments based on the earning capacity and assets of
the defendant.

Thus, we find the trial court was authorized to impose restitution in this case.

As for Defendant’s claim that he did not receive a restitution hearing, this

claim lacks merit. The trial court held a hearing on May 23, 2019, where restitution

was discussed. The trial court accepted argument and testimony regarding the

amount owed to the victim and property transfers that could be made to satisfy the

restitution owed. The trial court recessed the hearing to research to property

transfers as satisfaction of restitution. The hearing commenced again on July 18,

2019. At the July 18, 2019 hearing, the trial court heard more testimony regarding

restitution and imposed the sentences.

Defendant’s claim that he did not receive a restitution hearing is clearly

without merit. Additionally, Defendant fails to show that the December 9, 2019 civil

money judgment was issued for an illegal amount.

Defendant also asserts, however, that since his case was already pending in

this court on December 9, 2019, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to issue the civil

money judgment on that date. In his supplemental brief, Defendant once again raised

the issue of the civil money judgment.

The trial court’s handwritten sticky note dated July 30, 2020, indicates the

trial court’s belief that the civil money judgment remains effective as to the

restitution imposed at the resentencing hearing. Thus, without any instruction by

23

this court, it appears the civil money judgment will be considered an enforceable

judgment.

Because the civil money judgment was issued after Defendant’s original

sentencing, we examined the original sentence to determine whether the civil money

judgment was correctly issued. At the original sentencing hearing, the trial court

stated the following:

So, for the offense of theft over $25,000, I am sentencing the
defendant to 15 years at hard labor. For the laundering - - money
laundering offense, I am sentencing him to 15 years at hard labor. I’m
going to allow those sentences to run concurrent.

I am going to suspend all but 1l years of the sentence. And I am
going to recommend that Mr. Duhon go to a facility where he can
receive mental health treatment, because I think he has got some serious
problems in that regard.

The suspension of the - - And I’m also ordering him to make
restitution to the victim, in accordance with Article - - Code of Criminal
Procedure - - 83.2, of $331,500. Any restitution that is obtained through
the sale of properties will be credited. In addition to that $331,500, as
part of the restitution, the Larriviere property is to be returned to Ms.
Dutsch.

The suspended part of the sentence will be conditioned upon
three years of active supervised probation, with all the following regular
conditions of probation and the following special conditions:

The defendant is to receive follow-up mental health treatment as
recommended by the Department of Correction programming; he is to
perform 60 hours of community service, half through litter abatement;
he’s to pay the $150 cost of the Probation and Parole presentence
investigation; he’s to pay court costs of $435.50; and, of course, the
restitution, which is part of his sentence, of $331,500, plus return of the
property.

I am also going to add, as an additional condition of probation,
that he is prohibited from engaging in any activity in any capacity as an
investment advisor, broker, or money manager, or serving in any
capacity in which he has access to money belonging to a third party or
other assets of a third party.

24

His probation is going to run concurrent with his parole. So that,
as soon as he paroles out, he will be under these restrictions of probation.
He’ll receive credit for any time served on this charge.

The civil money judgment signed by the trial judge on December 9, 2019,

specifically states the judgment was issued in accordance with La.Code Crim.P. art.

895.1, the article pertaining to conditions of probation. The judgment states:

CIVIL MONEY JUDGMENT OF RESTITUTION

Defendant above has been found guilty in the above captioned
criminal proceeding. As a condition of his sentence and probation upon
a criminal conviction, shall pay RESTITUTION to MARIE DUTSCH
in the amount of $331,500.00.

In accordance with Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure
Article 895.1, the order of the 15th Judicial District Court to the
defendant in the above captioned matter to pay restitution as described
herein shall constitute and is hereby deemed a civil money judgment
against the defendant in favor of the victim above described in the sum
of the total amount of restitution above described. In addition to
proceedings had by the court which ordered the restitution, the
judgment in the sum of the total amount of restitution also above
described may be enforced in the same manner as a money judgment in
a civil case. This judgment shall be filed as a lien as provided by law
for judgment creditors. This shall constitute written evidence of the
order which constitutes the judgment. And amount received by the
victim of the judgment ordered by the court hereunder, shall be credited
against the amount of any subsequent civil judgment against said
defendant and in favor of said victim(s), which arises out of the same
act or acts which are the subject to the criminal offenses above
captioned.

The Court finds that this judgment is for restitution included
specifically in the sentence of the defendant’s conviction and is
specifically based upon fraud and defalcation of the defendant while
acting in a fiduciary capacity, upon embezzlement, and upon larceny
and, as such, defendant shall not be entitled to a discharge, under any
circumstances or law, from this debt or obligation.

After review, we conclude that the trial court’s statements at the original

sentencing hearing are unclear as to whether restitution was imposed as part of

Defendant’s original sentence or was imposed as a condition of probation. Although

the trial court stated restitution was imposed as part of the sentence and referred to

25

La.Code Crim.P. art. 883.2, the trial court also listed the payment of restitution with

the other conditions of probation and cited La.Code Crim.P. art. 895.1 in the civil

money judgment. Accordingly, as with the sentence imposed at resentencing, the

sentence imposed at the original sentencing hearing was indeterminate as to whether

restitution was imposed as part of the sentence or as a condition of probation.

Although the issuance of a civil money judgment for restitution is provided

for in the Code of Criminal Procedure, the procedure for doing so depends on

whether the restitution is imposed as a condition of probation or as part of the

sentence. If restitution is imposed as a condition of probation, the following section

of La.Code Crim.P. art. 895.1 applies:

(2)(a) The order to pay restitution together with any order to pay
costs or fines, as provided in this Article, is deemed a civil money
judgment in favor of the person to whom restitution, costs, or fines is
owed, if the defendant is informed of his right to have a judicial
determination of the amount and is provided with a hearing, waived a
hearing, or stipulated to the amount of the restitution, cost, or fine
ordered. In addition to proceedings had by the court which orders the
restitution, cost, or fine, the judgment may be enforced in the same
manner as a money judgment in a civil case. Likewise, the judgment
may be filed as a lien as provided by law for judgment creditors. Prior
to the enforcement of the restitution order, or order for costs or fines,
the defendant shall be notified of his right to have a judicial
determination of the amount of restitution, cost, or fine. Such notice
shall be served personally by the district attorney’s office of the
respective judicial district in which the restitution, cost, or fine is
ordered.

Since this provision states that the order to pay restitution “is deemed a civil

money judgment,” the issuance of a separate civil money judgment may not have

been necessary. Thus, if the restitution in the present case was imposed as a condition

of probation under La.Code Crim.P. art. 895.1, it could be argued that the issuance

of the civil money judgment was simply a ministerial matter properly conducted by

the trial court even though the case was on appeal. La.Code Crim.P. art. 916(6). As

26

a ministerial act, the trial court arguably retained jurisdiction under La.Code Crim.P.

art. 916(6).

On the other hand, as discussed, the trial court’s restitution order in this case

could also be interpreted as part of Defendant’s sentence(s), rather than a condition

of probation. If imposed as part of the sentence(s), the pertinent article is La.Code

Crim.P. art. 883.2, which allows the trial court to impose restitution as part of the

sentence instead of as a condition of probation. Although La.Code Crim.P. art. 883.2

does not provide for the issuance of a civil money judgment, La.Code Crim.P. art.

886 provides, in pertinent part:

A. In the event of nonpayment of a fine, nonpayment of
restitution to the victim, or nonpayment of a fine and costs, within sixty
days after the sentence was imposed, and if no appeal is pending, the
court which imposed the sentence may sign a judgment against the
defendant in a sum equal to the fine or restitution plus judicial interest
to begin sixty days after the sentence was imposed plus all costs of the
criminal proceeding and subsequent proceedings necessary to enforce
the judgment in either civil or criminal court, or both. Collection of the
judgment may be enforced in either criminal or civil court, or both, in
the same manner as a money judgment in a civil case. In addition,
particular courts may provide by court rule for enforcement by the filing
of an offset claim against the defendant, in accordance with R.S.
47:299.1 through 299.20.

According to the above article, a civil money judgment should not be imposed

for restitution ordered as part of a defendant's sentence unless the defendant fails to

pay the restitution within sixty days of sentencing. Additionally, the article

specifically states that the civil money judgment cannot be imposed if the case is

pending on appeal, which it was in this case.

In State v. Granger, 08-1481 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/3/09), 11 So.3d 683, this court

addressed the legality of a trial court’s issuance of a “Judgment of Restitution” two

months after sentence was imposed. The trial court did not impose restitution at the

sentencing hearing, but told the State that it could file a civil judgment in conformity

27

with the amount of restitution set forth in the presentence investigation report. Id.

On appeal, Granger alleged the trial court no longer had jurisdiction to impose the

restitution judgment and alleged that restitution was generally limited to probated

sentences. Id. Finally, Granger questioned whether the trial court was authorized to

impose restitution without a hearing. Id. This court addressed Granger’s claims as

follows:

Suspension of a defendant’s sentence or placing a defendant on
probation is not a prerequisite to imposing restitution. La.Code Crim.P.
art. 883.2. At the time this offense was committed, La.Code Crim.P. art.
883.2 provided:

In all cases in which the court finds an actual
pecuniary loss to a victim, or in any case where the court
finds that costs have been incurred by the victim in
connection with a criminal prosecution, the trial court
shall order the defendant to provide restitution to the
victim as a part of any sentence that the court shall impose.

(Emphasis added).

Furthermore, La.Code Crim.P. art. 886(A) provides, pertinent part:

In the event of nonpayment . . . of restitution to the
victim, within sixty days after the sentence was imposed,
and if no appeal is pending, the court which imposed the
sentence may sign a judgment against the defendant in a
sum equal to the fine or restitution plus judicial interest to
begin sixty days after the sentence was imposed plus all
costs of the criminal proceeding and subsequent
proceedings necessary to enforce the judgment in either
civil or criminal court, or both. Collection of the judgment
may be enforced in either criminal or civil court, or both,
in the same manner as a money judgment in a civil case.

(Emphasis added).

Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 916 also provides
in pertinent part:

The jurisdiction of the trial court is divested and that
of the appellate court attaches upon the entering of the
order of appeal. Thereafter, the trial court has no

28

jurisdiction to take any action except as otherwise
provided by law and to:

(l) Extend the return day of the appeal, the time for
filing assignments of error, or the time for filing per
curiam comments in accordance with Articles 844 and 919.

(2) Correct an error or deficiency in the record.

(3) Correct an illegal sentence or take other
appropriate action pursuant to a properly made or filed
motion to reconsider sentence.

(4) Take all action concerning bail permitted by
Title Vlll.

(5) Furnish per curiam comments.

(6) Render an interlocutory order or a definitive
judgment concerning a ministerial matter not in
controversy on appeal.

(7) Impose the penalty provided by Article 844.

(8) Sentence the defendant pursuant to a
conviction under the Habitual Offender Law as set forth in
R.S. 15:529.1.

Thus, the trial court was divested of jurisdiction in this case at
the time it entered the Judgment of Restitution. The judgment is
therefore a nullity.

....

For the foregoing reasons, the defendant’s sentence is affirmed,
but the Judgment of Restitution is vacated. The matter is remanded to
the trial court for re-sentencing with regard to amounts owed for
restitution, in accordance with this opinion.

Id. at 690-91.

Accordingly, if the trial court in the present case imposed restitution as part

of Defendant’s sentence(s) pursuant to La.Code Crim.P. art. 883.2, the trial court

had no authority to issue the civil money judgment while Defendant’s appeal was

29

pending. Consequently, we find merit to Defendant’s claim that the trial court lacked

jurisdiction to issue the civil money judgment in the present case.

In his August 6, 2020 pro se motion filed in the trial court, Defendant asked

the trial court to remove the civil money judgment from all the public records. The

civil money judgment was filed in the mortgage records on December 11, 2019, with

Defendant being the mortgagor and the victim being the mortgagee. In Granger, 11

So.3d 683, this court vacated the illegally issued civil money judgment but stated

nothing regarding the removal of the judgment from the mortgage records. Likewise,

in State v. Roberts, 08-1026 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/4/09), 4 So.3d 1011, this court vacated

an improperly issued civil money judgment without stating anything about having

the judgment removed from the mortgage records. According to La.Civ.Code art.

3337, “The recorder shall cancel a mortgage or privilege from his records in the

manner prescribed by law.” Therefore, the civil money judgment is vacated, and the

parties are ordered to seek cancellation of the mortgage as provided by law.

PRO SE ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER SEVEN

Defendant argues the trial court’s restitution order cannot stand since

restitution cannot be paid to a “non-victim.” Defendant contends that “Dutsch Beer

& Distilling, LLC” is the proper victim in this matter, not the victim to whom

restitution was ordered and is charged in the bill of information. This argument,

however, was already addressed in Defendant’s original appeal. Duhon, 297 So.3d

892.

CONCLUSION

Defendant’s sentences are vacated as indeterminate, and the case is remanded

for resentencing. The trial court is instructed that if restitution is again imposed, the

trial court must specify to which count or counts it applies. Additionally, the trial

30

court should clearly state whether restitution is imposed as part of the sentence(s) or

as a condition of probation.

Since the December 9, 2019 “Civil Money Judgment of Restitution” is no

longer based on a legal restitution order, that judgment is also vacated. The trial court

is instructed that any civil money judgment issued in this case should be issued

pursuant to the appropriate Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Articles; La.Code

Crim.P. art. 895.1 if it is imposed as a condition of probation, and La.Code Crim.P.

arts. 883.2 and 886 if it is imposed as part of the sentence(s). The parties are ordered

to seek cancellation of the judicial mortgage created by the civil money judgment as

provided by law. La.Civ.Code art. 3337.

SENTENCES VACATED; CIVIL MONEY JUDGMENT VACATED;

REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.

31