State of Louisiana v. Eddie Lee O'brien, II

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

STATE OF LOUISIANA

COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

22-212

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

EDDIE LEE O’BRIEN, II

**********

APPEAL FROM THE
FOURTEENTH JUDCIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF CALCASIEU, NO. 11170-18
HONORABLE DAVID A. RITCHIE, DISTRICT JUDGE

**********

JONATHAN W. PERRY

**********

Court composed of Billy Howard Ezell, Jonathan W. Perry, and Gary J. Ortego,
Judges.

AFFIRMED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.

Annette Fuller Roach
Attorney at Law
Louisiana Appellate Project
P. O. Box 1747
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70602-1747
(337) 436-2900
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT:
Eddie Lee O’Brien, II

Stephen C. Dwight
District Attorney, 14th JDC
Dale R. Lee
Assistant District Attorney
John Eric Turner
Assistant District Attorney
P. O. Box 3206
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70601
(337) 437-3400
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
State of Louisiana

PERRY, Judge.

This Appeal is brought by the Defendant/Appellant, Eddie Lee O’Brien, who,

in August of 2021, was convicted of one count of first degree rape and one count of

indecent behavior with a juvenile.

For the following reasons, we affirm Defendant’s convictions and remand

with instructions.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Because Defendant has not appealed the sufficiency of the evidence, we will

provide only a bare-bones synopsis of the facts. In 2018, Defendant raped and

inappropriately touched twelve-year-old L.D.T. Defendant was the boyfriend of

L.D.T.’s sister. The acts occurred while L.D.T. was visiting her sister at her

residence in Lake Charles, Louisiana.

On June 14, 2018, a Calcasieu Parish Grand Jury indicted Eddie Lee O’Brien,

II, (“Defendant”) with one count of first degree rape of L.D.T.,1 in violation of

La.R.S. 14:42, and one count of indecent behavior with L.D.T., a juvenile, in

violation of La.R.S. 14:81(A)(1). On July 2, 2018, Defendant pleaded not guilty to

the charges and requested a trial by jury.

On August 31, 2021, Defendant’s trial commenced with jury selection. On

September 3, 2021, the twelve-person jury unanimously found Defendant guilty as

1
Pursuant to La.R.S. 46:1844(W), the victim’s initials are used to protect her identity. The
record shows the trial court ordered the indictment be amended to correct the victim’s initials.
Although the original bill listed the victim’s initials as L.D., the State was ordered to correctly list
the victim’s initials as L.D.T. Further, the trial court realized while reading the jury instructions
to the jury that L.D.T.’s date of birth listed in the indictment was not the same date of birth given
by numerous witnesses during trial. After discussing this issue with the State and defense counsel,
the trial court again ordered the indictment be amended to correct L.D.T.’s date of birth to July 28,
2005. If the indictment was amended as ordered, it does not appear in the record. Further, the trial
court stated it would “correct the error on the Jury instructions.”

charged on both counts.2 For the indecent behavior with a juvenile, the jury made

the additional finding that the victim was under the age of thirteen while Defendant

was over the age of seventeen at the time of the offense.

On September 22, 2021, the trial court, after hearing oral argument, denied

Defendant’s “Motion to Set a New Trial.” Sentencing was held on September 24,

2021. The trial court sentenced Defendant to the mandatory term of life

imprisonment at hard labor without the benefit of parole, probation, or suspension

of sentence for first degree rape and twenty-five years at hard labor without the

benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence for indecent behavior with a

juvenile. The sentences were ordered to be served concurrently, and Defendant was

given credit for time served since his arrest. Defense counsel did not object to the

sentences imposed or file a motion to reconsider the sentences.

Defendant filed a “Notice of Appeal and Motion to Appoint Appellate

Counsel” which the trial court granted. Defendant now appeals his convictions and

his sentence for indecent behavior with a juvenile, asserting two assignments of

error: (1) the trial court erred in denying his challenge for cause of a prospective

juror; and (2) the trial court erred in sentencing him under the enhanced sentencing

provision set forth in La.R.S. 14:81(H)(2). On July 25, 2022, this court received

Defendant’s pro se brief wherein he asserted several additional assignments of error.

2
The appellate record did not include the part of the trial transcript with the jury’s return
of the verdicts and jury polling. The court minutes reflect that the jury found Defendant guilty on
both counts and the defense requested the jury be polled. Despite this, our review of the court
minutes reflect that “it is determined that the verdict is unanimous.” Because the court minutes
referred to a singular verdict as being unanimous, we ordered the record supplemented with the
jury’s return of the verdicts and jury polling transcript. On July 12, 2022, the supplemental record
was lodged with this court. Subsequently, this court received the polling slips as a sealed exhibit.
Our review of the supplemental record shows that a unanimous verdict was returned as to both
counts.
2

ERRORS PATENT

In accordance with La.Code Crim.P. art. 920, we review all appeals for errors

patent on the face of the record. After reviewing the record, we find there are no

errors patent.3 However, we find the minutes of the jury’s verdict need correction.

Although the jury returned a guilty verdict as to both count one (first degree

rape) and count two (indecent behavior with a juvenile), the court minutes refer to a

singular “verdict” when stating that “the verdict is unanimous.” See n. 2. After this

court reviewed the polling slips, which were received as a sealed exhibit, the polling

slips reflect that a unanimous verdict was returned as to both counts. Accordingly,

remand this matter and we order the trial court to amend the minutes of polling to

accurately reflect that both verdicts were unanimous.

APPELLANT’S ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER ONE:
CHALLENGE FOR CAUSE

Defendant first contends the trial court erred when it denied the defense’s

challenge for cause of prospective juror, Dianne LeBlanc (“Ms. LeBlanc”).4

Defendant asserts that Ms. LeBlanc was not impartial as she admitted she would

likely sympathize with the twelve-year-old victim. For reasons which follow, we

3
Our review of the record shows the trial court referred to the wrong statutory citation
when it imposed the sentence for first degree rape. The trial court incorrectly referred to La.R.S.
14:43, the statutory citation for third degree rape. This we find does not present an error patent
because the trial court referred to the correct offense (first degree rape) and imposed the correct
penalty (life at hard labor without benefits).

4
In brief, defense counsel refers to the prospective juror by her initials, D.L., on the basis
that her disclosure to the trial court suggests that she was a victim of sexual assault. In choosing
this course of action, defense counsel relies on La.R.S. 46:1844(W). In brief, the State “follow[ed]
suit out of an abundance of caution.” However, we observe that La.R.S. 46:1844(W) protects the
identities of crime victims who are minors, victims of sex offenses, and victims of human-
trafficking offenses. The plain language of La.R.S. 46:1844(W) reflects that it has no application
to anyone other than the victim in the instant case. Therefore, the statute does not apply to the
prospective jurors, and we will refer to the prospective juror by her name as it appears in the
transcript.
3

find this issue was not preserved for appellate review as required by La.Code Crim.P.

art. 800(A) and Uniform Rules—Courts of Appeal, Rule 1-3.

[Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article] 800(A) requires
an objection at the time of the ruling, which denies a challenge for
cause, in order to preserve the claim for appellate review. Article
800(A) also mandates that the nature of the objection and the grounds
therefor be stated at the time of the objection. With respect to that
provision, this court has made clear:

Our law is also settled that an objection need not be
raised by incantation. “It is sufficient that a party, at the
time the ruling or order of the court is made or sought,
makes known to the court the action which he desires the
court to take, or of his objections to the action of the court,
and the grounds therefor.” C.Cr.P. 841; State v. Boutte,
384 So.2d 773 (La. 1980). The requirement that objection
be raised contemporaneously is not meant to be inflexible,
but is designed “to promote judicial efficiency and to
insure fair play.” State v. Lee, 346 So.2d 682, 684 (La.
1977). Article 800 should not be read to differ in this
respect from Article 841.

State v. Vanderpool, 493 So.2d 574, 575 (La. 1986).

State v. Clark, 12-508, p. 99 (La. 12/19/16), 220 So.3d 583, 663, cert. granted,

judgment vacated on other grounds sub nom. Clark v. Louisiana, ___ U.S. ___, 138

S.Ct. 2671 (2018).

In Clark, the Louisiana supreme court found the defendant could not assign

error to the denial of a challenge for cause as he failed to lodge a contemporaneous

objection to the trial court’s denial. Likewise, in State v. Anderson, 06-2987, p. 28

(La. 9/9/08), 996 So.2d 973, 996, cert. denied, 556 U.S. 1165, 129 S.Ct. 1906 (2009),

the supreme court cited La.Code Crim.P. art. 800 and stated that “[a] defendant must

object at the time of the ruling on the refusal to sustain a challenge for cause of a

prospective juror.”

However, we recognize that in State v. Queen, 17-599 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1/4/18),

237 So.3d 547, writ denied, 18-211 (La. 11/20/18), 257 So.3d 186, this court
4

determined a defendant’s failure to object to the denial of challenges for cause did

not prohibit review of the issue on appeal. In Queen, 237 So.3d at 563, this court

quoted State v. Pinion, 06-2346, p. 10 (La. 10/26/07), 968 So.2d 131, 136 (emphasis

in original), noting:

In jury selection, counsel satisfies the requirements of Louisiana’s
contemporaneous objection rule by stating his grounds for a cause
challenge and then by removing the juror with one of his remaining
peremptory challenges when the court declines to excuse the juror for
cause. La.C.Cr.P. art. 841 (“It is sufficient that a party, at the time the
ruling or order of the court is made or sought, makes known to the court
the action which he desires the court to take ... and the grounds
therefor.”).

In contrast to the facts presented in Queen, defense counsel in the present case

neither set forth any grounds for challenging Ms. LeBlanc nor contemporaneously

objected to the trial court’s denial of the challenge for cause. The record reflects

that following questions of the second panel of prospective jurors, the State indicated

it did not have any challenges for cause. The trial court then addressed defense

counsel and the following colloquy took place:

THE COURT:

Any by the defense? [Mr. Abshire]?

MR. ABSHIRE:

Ms. LeBlanc.

THE COURT:

I felt like she ended up okay. I mean I was concerned initially,
but I think she ended up saying she could do it because she’s very, very
conscientious and I felt like as conscientious as she was[,] I felt like --
I think she can do it. So I’m going to deny that challenge for cause on
Ms[.] LeBlanc. All right. So is that the only challenge for cause?

MR. ABSHIRE:

Yes.

5

Defense counsel later exercised his last peremptory challenge to remove Ms.

LeBlanc without comment. Because defense counsel did not state any grounds for

challenging Ms. LeBlanc or contemporaneously object to the trial court’s ruling,

Defendant may not now assign that denial of the challenge for cause as error or assert

reasons why the challenge for cause should have been granted. La.Code Crim.P. art.

800(A); Uniform Rules—Courts of Appeal, Rule 1-3.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER TWO:
ENHANCED SENTENCING

Defendant next asserts the trial court erred in sentencing him under the

enhanced sentencing provision of La.R.S. 14:81(H)(2) for his conviction of indecent

behavior with a juvenile. Defendant’s argument rests on three claims: (1) the

additional element related to Defendant’s age should have been alleged in the

indictment; (2) the additional element related to Defendant’s age should have been

discussed in the jury instructions; and (3) the State did not prove the additional

element related to Defendant’s age beyond a reasonable doubt.

In opposition, the State, relying on Uniform Rules—Courts of Appeal, Rule

1-3,5 argues Defendant is procedurally precluded from raising this issue for the first

time on appeal. The State contends Defendant did not file a motion to reconsider

sentence in accordance with La.Code Crim.P. art. 881.1 to preserve any sentencing

claims for appellate review. Additionally, the State argues Defendant did not file a

motion to quash the indictment, contemporaneously object to the jury instructions,

5
Uniform Rules—Courts of Appeal, Rule 1-3 states:

The scope of review in all cases within the appellate and supervisory
jurisdiction of the Courts of Appeal shall be as provided by LSA-Const. Art. 5, §
10(B), and as otherwise provided by law. The Courts of Appeal will review only
issues which were submitted to the trial court and which are contained in
specifications or assignments of error, unless the interest of justice clearly requires
otherwise.
6

or file a motion for post-verdict judgment of acquittal to challenge the lack of

evidence proving Defendant’s age. Finally, the State argues that should this court

review Defendant’s assignment of error, this court should find any error was

harmless.

We will first address whether Defendant is procedurally barred from raising

the sentencing issue for the first time on appeal. The State is correct that the failure

to file a motion to reconsider sentence would ordinarily preclude a defendant from

raising an objection to his sentence on appeal. See La.Code Crim.P. art. 881.1(E).

However, if this court were to find that Defendant was erroneously sentenced under

the enhanced sentencing provision, then his sentence would be illegal. “An illegal

sentence may be corrected . . . by an appellate court on review.” La.Code Crim.P.

art. 882. Therefore, we will review this assignment of error despite Defendant’s

failure to file a motion to reconsider sentence.

There are multiple sentencing provisions applicable to indecent behavior with

juveniles. Louisiana Revised Statutes 14:816 states, in pertinent part:

H. (1) Whoever commits the crime of indecent behavior with
juveniles shall be fined not more than five thousand dollars, or
imprisoned with or without hard labor for not more than seven years,
or both, provided that the defendant shall not be eligible to have his
conviction set aside or his prosecution dismissed in accordance with the
provisions of Code of Criminal Procedure Article 893.

(2) Whoever commits the crime of indecent behavior with
juveniles on a victim under the age of thirteen when the offender is
seventeen years of age or older, shall be punished by imprisonment at
hard labor for not less than two nor more than twenty-five years. At
least two years of the sentence imposed shall be served without benefit
of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence.

6
Although La.R.S. 14:81 was amended in 2020, that amendment has no effect on this
case.
7

We will now discuss Defendant’s alleged errors and then discuss whether the alleged

errors render his sentence illegally excessive.

Defendant first asserts the indictment neither specifically referenced the

enhanced sentencing provision contained in La.R.S. 14:81(H)(2) nor listed the

additional element of the offense necessary to apply the sentencing enhancement,

namely that Defendant was seventeen years or older at the time of the offense.7 As

a result, Defendant argues he was not put on notice that the enhanced sentence would

be sought.

The indictment listed Defendant’s date of birth as June 29, 1994. It then

charged Defendant with:

Count 2: Eddie Lee O’Brien on or about May 6, 2018, did
commit indecent behavior with L.D.[T.] whose date of birth is July 20,
2005, a juvenile with the intention of arousing or gratifying the sexual
desires of either person by committing a lewd or lascivious act upon the
person or in the presence of any child under the age of seventeen, where
there is an age difference of greater than two years between the two
persons, violation of LSA R.S. 14:81.A.(1)[.]

Both Defendant’s and L.D.T.’s dates of birth were in the indictment. From the date

of the offense listed in the indictment and the dates of birth, it is clear that L.D.T.

was under the age of thirteen and that Defendant was over the age of seventeen at

the time of the offense. Nevertheless, the indictment did not specifically reference

the enhanced sentencing provision of La.R.S. 14:81(H)(2).

Defendant also asserts that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury of

the necessity of finding the additional element of his age beyond a reasonable doubt.

Defendant contends the jury was not informed of the alternative of returning a guilty

7
Defendant makes it abundantly clear in his brief that this is a matter of correcting an
illegal sentence, not a deficient indictment issue.

8

verdict without finding that L.D.T. was under the age of thirteen and Defendant was

seventeen years or older at the time of the offense.8

Before beginning the analysis, we observe that the defense’s failure to make

a contemporaneous objection to the jury instructions would generally waive review

of the jury instructions on appeal. La.Code Crim.P. art. 801(C); State v. Ruffins,

41,033 (La.App. 2 Cir. 9/20/06), 940 So.2d 45, writ denied, 06-2779 (La. 6/22/07),

959 So.2d 494. However, jury instructions may be reviewed on appeal despite the

lack of a contemporaneous objection when the alleged error violates a fundamental

right. Id. Notwithstanding, we find Defendant’s contentions lack merit.

A review of the record shows that the trial court instructed the jury that to find

Defendant guilty as charged, it had to find as an element that “L.D.T. WAS UNDER

THE AGE OF SEVENTEEN AND THE DEFENDANT WAS SEVENTEEN

YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER AND MORE THAN TWO YEARS OLDER THAN

L.D.T. AT THE TIME OF THE ALLEGED OFFENSE[.]” The trial court then

stated to the jury:

As you heard me read in the definition, the definition of indecent
behavior with a juvenile [is] . . . a victim under seventeen and somebody
over seventeen where there’s . . . more than two years difference in age.
That’s the definition, but there’s a question that you’re going to be
asked as to whether you find, it’s a separate question, about whether
you find that the victim was under thirteen. That’s a separate item that
you’re being asked as to whether the State has proven that one, that
item. That’s a separate question that you’re being asked to -- whether
the State has proven that in addition to the regular verdict.

Further, the written jury verdict form provided that to convict Defendant of

indecent behavior with a juvenile, the jury could make the following determination:

8
The State was required to prove L.D.T. was under the age of seventeen and Defendant
was two years older than L.D.T. for purposes of convicting Defendant of indecent behavior with
a juvenile. La.R.S. 14:81(A)(1). To sentence Defendant under the enhanced sentencing provision,
the State was required to prove L.D.T. was under the age of thirteen and Defendant was seventeen
years or older. La.R.S. 14:81(H)(2).
9

“We, the jury, find beyond a reasonable doubt that any act or acts which form the

basis of this verdict occurred while the victim was under the age of 13, and while

the defendant was over the age of 17.” In convicting Defendant of indecent behavior

of a juvenile, the jury specifically made the determination that L.D.T. was under the

age of thirteen and Defendant was over the age of seventeen at the time of the

offense.

The record supports the jury’s finding that the State met its burden of proving

Defendant was seventeen years or older at the time of the offense for sentencing

purposes. While Defendant asserts there is no concrete evidence regarding his age

in the record, we note that La.R.S. 14:81 does not require proof of his birthdate by

introducing his birth certificate. Rather, the State need only prove Defendant was

seventeen years or older at the time of the offense. At trial, several witnesses

testified that Defendant was over the age of seventeen. Elizabeth Broussard, the

SANE nurse who examined L.D.T. shortly after the offense, testified that Defendant

was reported to be twenty-three years old. This is reflected in her examination report

which was admitted as State’s Exhibit S-8 and published to the jury. Similarly, Dr.

Scott Bergstedt testified that Defendant was twenty-three years old at the time of the

offense, and the State admitted Dr. Bergstedt’s medical report into evidence.

Finally, Defendant’s date of birth was listed on a search warrant which was

introduced into evidence during the testimony of Detective Kevin Kirkum.

Therefore, we find the evidence presented was sufficient for the jury to conclude the

State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant was seventeen years or older

at the time of the offense.

10

Harmless Error

Nevertheless, even if we were to find the indictment or the jury instructions

were erroneous, the errors were harmless. In State v. Ardoin, 10-1018, pp. 27-33

(La.App. 3 Cir. 3/9/11), 58 So.3d 1025, 1042-45, writ denied, 11-653 (La. 10/14/11),

74 So.3d 218 (emphasis in original), this court discussed a similar issue as follows:

On appeal, the Defendant contends that the trial court erred in
sentencing him under the enhanced sentencing provision in La.R.S.
14:81(H)(2) because the jury did not make a determination as to the
Victim’s age, an additional element necessary for imposition of the
enhanced penalty. The Defendant refers, first, to the bill of indictment
wherein he was charged in count one with committing indecent
behavior with a juvenile “by committing a lewd and lascivious act upon
a juvenile or in the presence of, one V.T.I., under the age of 17 by the
defendant, with the intent of arousing or gratifying the sexual desires of
either person, the defendant being over the age of 17 years.”

Next, the Defendant refers to the jury charge regarding the
elements of the offense. The jury was instructed that to find the
Defendant guilty as charged, it had to find that “the victim was under
the age of 17 and more than two years younger than the defendant at
the time of the alleged offense.” As such, the jury was not required to
find that the victim was under the age of thirteen as required by La.R.S.
14:81(H)(2).

Lastly, the Defendant refers to the jury’s verdict sheet,
complaining that it did not list a separate finding by the jury that the
Victim was under the age of thirteen. The only finding made by the
jury was “Guilty of Indecent Behavior with a Juvenile.”

In support of his argument, the Defendant refers, first, to
Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d
435 (2000), wherein the defendant pled guilty to an offense which
carried a sentencing range of five to ten years. The trial court, however,
imposed a twelve-year sentence pursuant to a hate crime statute that
allowed a sentence to be enhanced upon the trial judge’s finding by a
preponderance of the evidence that the crime was motivated by racial
bias. In reversing the ruling, the Supreme Court held that “[o]ther than
the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a
crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to
a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 490, 120 S.Ct. at
2362-63.

The Defendant also cites Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584, 122
S.Ct. 2428, 153 L.Ed.2d 556 (2002), wherein the Supreme Court
11

followed its ruling in Apprendi. The defendant was sentenced to death
for his capital felony-murder conviction. At the time of the offense,
Arizona law allowed the trial judge alone to determine the presence or
absence of the aggravating factors required for imposition of the death
penalty. The Court, citing language from Apprendi, stated,

The dispositive question, we said, “is one not of
form, but of effect.” Id., at 494, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct.
2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435. If a State makes an increase in a
defendant’s authorized punishment contingent on a
finding of fact, that fact—no matter how the State labels
it—must be found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.
See id., at 482-483, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147
L.Ed.2d 435.

Id. at 602, 122 S.Ct. at 2439. In reversing the lower court ruling, the
Court concluded that the Sixth Amendment required the enumerated
aggravating factors be found by a jury, because they operated as the
functional equivalent of an element of a greater offense.

Lastly, the Defendant refers to Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S.
296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004), wherein the Supreme
Court clarified its previous holdings in Ring and Apprendi. The
defendant in Blakely pled guilty to kidnapping and was sentenced to
ninety months. However, the facts to which he admitted in his guilty
plea supported a maximum sentence of fifty-three months. Pursuant to
state law, after making a judicial determination that the defendant acted
with deliberate cruelty, the trial court imposed an enhanced sentence of
ninety months. In reversing the lower court, the Supreme Court
considered the holdings in Apprendi and Ring, recognizing that the facts
supporting the sentence enhancement were neither admitted by the
defendant nor found by a jury. The Court ultimately concluded that
“the relevant ‘statutory maximum’ is not the maximum sentence a
judge may impose after finding additional facts, but the maximum he
may impose without any additional findings.” Id. at 303-04, 124 S.Ct.
at 2537.

Relying on the rulings in Blakely, Ring, and Apprendi, the
Defendant asserts that the State was required to set forth the Victim’s
age in the bill of indictment, and the jury was required to find that the
child was under thirteen at the time of the offense. Although the
Victim’s age was not admitted to at trial, the Defendant contends that
the pivotal issue is whether the jury made a finding beyond a reasonable
doubt as to the Victim’s age.

Both the Defendant and the State refer to a Louisiana case, State
v. Gibson, 09-486 (La.App. 5 Cir. 3/9/10), 38 So.3d 373, writ denied,
10-802 (La.11/5/10), 50 So.3d 814, [w]herein a similar issue was
raised. The defendant, convicted of sexual battery, argued that the trial
12

court erred in sentencing him in accordance with the penalty provision
of La.R.S. 14:43.1(C)(2), an enhanced penalty imposed when the
offense involves a victim under thirteen years old and the offender is
seventeen years or older. The defendant reasoned that neither the jury’s
verdict nor the jury instructions referenced the additional age
requirements of La.R.S. 14.43.1(C)(2). The defendant was initially
charged with aggravated rape but was found guilty of the responsive
verdict of sexual battery. The jury, however, did not indicate on the
verdict form that the defendant was older than seventeen years of age
or that the victim was under the age of thirteen.

In Gibson, the court considered the Supreme Court’s rulings in
Apprendi, Ring, and Blakely and concluded that the trial court had
committed an Apprendi violation. The court added that the State should
have explicitly noted in the bill of information that the enhanced
sentence provision in La.R.S. 14.43.1(C)(2) was applicable to the
defendant and that the trial court should have included a jury instruction
reflecting that the defendant’s and the victim’s ages were elements of
same.

The Gibson court, however, did not end its analysis at that point
but referred to Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 19, 119 S.Ct. 1827,
1833, 144 L.Ed.2d 35 (1999), wherein the Supreme Court held that a
“[jury] instruction that omits an element of the offense does not
necessarily render a criminal trial fundamentally unfair or an unreliable
vehicle for determining guilt or innocence.” The court in Neder then
proceeded with a harmless error analysis and concluded, “In a case such
as this one, where a defendant did not, and apparently could not, bring
forth facts contesting the omitted element, answering the question
whether the jury verdict would have been the same absent the error does
not fundamentally undermine the purposes of the jury trial guarantee.”
Id. at 19; 119 S.Ct. at 1838.

The Gibson court also cited Washington v. Recuenco, 548 U.S.
212, 126 S.Ct. 2546, 165 L.Ed.2d 466 (2006), wherein the trial court
imposed an enhanced sentence for a firearm based solely on the jury’s
finding that the defendant was armed with a deadly weapon. The
Supreme Court ultimately held that the trial court’s failure to submit a
sentencing factor to the jury was not a structural error requiring a
reversal of the conviction but was subject to a harmless error analysis.

Applying a harmless error analysis, the court in Gibson noted
that the victim’s date of birth was found in the bill information, the
victim told the examining physician the year she was born, and the
victim’s mother’s testimony indicated the year the victim was born.
Accordingly, the court found that the jury could have concluded that
the victim would have been approximately seven years old when the
abuse began and nine years old when it ceased. With regard to the
defendant’s age, based on the testimony of the victim’s mother, the
13

defendant would have been approximately twenty-four years old when
the abuse began and twenty-six years old when it ended. The court also
ruled that jury observation could be used to infer a defendant’s age
when no direct evidence was presented. The court concluded that the
Apprendi violation was harmless.

In the instant case, the alleged error is clearly an Apprendi
violation. The State should have explicitly noted in the bill of
information that the enhanced sentence provision in La.R.S.
14:81(H)(2) was applicable to the Defendant, and the trial court should
have included a jury instruction reflecting the Defendant’s and the
Victim’s ages as elements of offense. We find that a harmless error
analysis is appropriate in this case to determine whether the trial court’s
error in failing to instruct the jury as to the enhanced penalty provision
of La.R.S. 14.81(H)(2) was harmless.

With regard to the bill of indictment, the Victim’s age, nine years
old, is not set forth in count one but is found in count three and was read
aloud by the minute clerk on the first day of trial. Additionally, in
discussing the sexual acts resulting in the charge of indecent behavior
with a juvenile during opening statements, the prosecutor repeatedly
stated that the Victim was nine years old at the time of the offense. On
direct examination, the Victim testified that she was born on January
26, 1998, and turned nine years old on January 26, 2007. She also
indicated on redirect examination that she was nine years old at the time
of the offenses and had just turned ten when she gained the courage to
report the offenses. The bill of indictment reflects that all the offenses
for which the Defendant was charged, including indecent behavior with
a juvenile, occurred on or about March 1, 2007, through November 30,
2007, when the Victim was nine years old. Lastly, the Victim’s medical
records introduced at trial included her date of birth.

With regard to the Defendant’s age, his date of birth, January 29,
1964, is found in the bill of indictment and was reiterated by the
Defendant at the beginning of all three recorded statements. The
Defendant’s date of birth also appears on the Miranda waiver dated
February 3, 2008, and his age appears on the Miranda waiver dated
February 8, 2008, both of which were introduced at trial. Lastly,
Detective Ortis testified at trial that the Defendant was forty-four years
old at the time he signed the Miranda waiver dated February 8, 2008,
and that he informed the Defendant that they wanted to speak to him
about the rape of a “ten year old.”

Considering the evidence viewed in the light most favorable to
the prosecution, we find the evidence was sufficient for a rational trier
of fact to conclude the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the
Defendant was seventeen or older and that the Victim was under the
age of thirteen. Further, the Defendant did not refute at trial any of the
evidence regarding his age or the Victim’s age, nor does he challenge
14

evidence of same on appeal. Although the trial court clearly committed
an Apprendi violation, we find the error was harmless. Accordingly,
this assignment of error has no merit.

In the present case, as in Ardoin, 58 So.3d 1025, the State should have

explicitly noted the enhanced sentencing provision of La.R.S. 14.81(H)(2) in the

indictment. However, that error is harmless given the evidence was sufficient for a

rational trier of fact to conclude L.D.T. was under the age of thirteen and Defendant

was seventeen years or older at the time of the offense.

Accordingly, we conclude Defendant was properly sentenced under the

enhanced sentencing provision in La.R.S. 14:81(H)(2), and this assignment of error

is without merit.

PRO SE ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR NUMBERS ONE AND TWO

In his first pro se assignment of error, Defendant asserts “[t]he trial court erred

in allowing the [S]tate to target their prosecution to fit alleged charges by testimony

and securing a guilty verdict from juror D. LeBlanc who was not impartial. . . .”9 In

his second pro se assignment of error, Defendant contends the trial court was partial

and biased to the State and showed hostility to Defendant. Defendant takes issue

with the trial court reading the bill of indictment prior to trial and to “[making] him

a hostage” of the legal system.

Defendant has failed to comply with Uniform Rules—Courts of Appeal, Rule

2-12.4. Defendant does not provide any evidence or record page references to

support his claims. Therefore, the claims asserted in these assignments of error are

not considered. Cf. State v. Blade, 20-172, 20-173 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/28/21)

(unpublished opinion), writ denied, 21-754 (La. 10/1/21), 324 So.3d 1059; see also

9
As discussed in Assignment of Error No. 1, Dianne LeBlanc was peremptorily challenged
by defense counsel and did not sit on Defendant’s jury.
15

State v. Thacker, 13-516 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1/28/15), 157 So.3d 798; State v. Robinson,

11-12 (La.App. 5 Cir. 12/29/11), 87 So.3d 881, writ denied, 12-279 (La. 6/15/12),

90 So.3d 1059.

PRO SE ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER THREE

Finally, Defendant asserts the “trial court is not operating in a lawful

jurisdiction[.]” Although the premise is not clearly stated, Defendant argues that he

is not a citizen of the United States; rather, he states that he is a “Moorish American

National[] of the mighty Choctaw nation Blood line.” He claims he is under the

jurisdiction of the “Declaration of Rights of Indigenous People.” We find this

argument without merit.

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s convictions and sentences are

affirmed. Notwithstanding, we order that this matter be remanded and order the trial

court to amend the minutes of the Jury Polling to accurately reflect that both verdicts

were unanimous; and that Defendant be provided with notice of said amendment to

the minutes within thirty (30) days.

AFFIRMED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.

This opinion is NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION.
Uniform Rules—Courts of Appeal, Rule 2–16.3.

16