State of Louisiana v. Vincent Jermaine Ford

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

23-718

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

VINCENT JERMAINE FORD

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APPLICATION FOR SUPERVISORY WRIT FROM
ELEVENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF SABINE, NO. 21-CR-081527
HONORABLE CRAIG O. MARCOTTE, DISTRICT JUDGE

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VAN H. KYZAR
JUDGE

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Court composed of D. Kent Savoie, Van H. Kyzar, and Guy E. Bradberry, Judges.

WRIT GRANTED. RELIEF DENIED.

J. Dhu Thompson
C. Bryce Kinley
Law Office of J. Dhu Thompson (A Professional Law Corporation)
7607 Fern Avenue, Suite 402
Shreveport, LA 71105
(318) 670-8018
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/RELATOR:
Vincent Jermaine Ford

Don M. Burkett
District Attorney
Eleventh Judicial District
P. O. Box 1557
Many, LA 71449
(318) 256-6246
COUNSEL FOR RESPONDANT:
State of Louisiana

KYZAR, Judge.

Defendant, Vincent Jermaine Ford, seeks supervisory review of the trial

court’s denial of his motion to quash the indictment charging him with, among other

felony charges, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of La.R.S.

14:95.1. Particularly, Defendant asserts that in light of the United States Supreme

Court’s decision in New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen, 597

U.S. 1, 142 S.Ct. 2111 (2022), La.R.S. 14:95.1 is unconstitutional as applied to his

circumstances, as the underlying felony forming the predicate for the gun charge

was a non-violent, drug-related offense. For the reasons herein, we grant the writ,
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but deny relief.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Defendant was charged by bill of information with possession of a firearm by

a convicted felon, in violation of La.R.S. 14:95.1; possession of a Schedule I

controlled dangerous substance with the intent to distribute, in violation of La.R.S.

40:966(A), possession of a firearm while in possession of a controlled dangerous

substance, in violation of La.R.S. 14:95(E), and possession of drug paraphernalia, in

violation of La.R.S. 40:1023(C). These offenses are alleged to have occurred on or

about January 29, 2021.

Defendant filed a motion to quash the indictment as to the charge of

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. In his motion to quash and in his writ

application, Defendant contends that in Bruen, the Supreme Court changed the test

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We recognize the well-established rule that the denial of a writ typically has no legal
effect, and because we rule on the merits of the issue raised by Defendant, we have exercised our
supervisory jurisdiction, granting the writ application notwithstanding that our ruling results in the
denial of relief. State v. Brown, 15-855 (La.App. 4 Cir. 10/21/15), 176 So.3d 761, writ denied, 15-
2250 (La. 2/5/16), 186 So.3d 1167; State v. Alexander, 14-401 (La. 11/7/14), 152 So.3d 137 (per
curiam).

for determining the constitutionality of a statute prohibiting the possession of a

firearm.

At the November 20, 2023 hearing on the motion, the State introduced the bill

of information and argued that the provision at issue has been held constitutional in

the past and that Bruen did not declare unconstitutional any laws providing criminal

consequences for convicted felons in possession of firearms. Defendant argued that

the Supreme Court altered the test for determining the constitutionality of laws

impinging on the Second Amendment right to keep and bear firearms, and the State

cannot and did not meet its burden of showing its constitutionality as applied to

Defendant pursuant to this analysis. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court

denied Defendant’s motion to quash as to the firearms possession charge.

DISCUSSION

The extent of the Second Amendment’s declaration of the right of citizens to

keep and bear arms has been scrutinized, analyzed, lionized, and even vilified for

decades. The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: “A

well regulated Militia, being necessary to the protection of a free State, the right of

the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” This guaranteed right is

applicable to the various states through the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process

Clause as are other rights reserved via the Bill of Rights. Ramos v. Louisiana, 590

U.S. __, 140 S.Ct. 1390 (2020); Timbs v. Indiana, 586 U.S. __, 139 S.Ct. 682 (2019).

It is this right that is at the core of this dispute.

At the outset, we note a fundamental procedural issue in the proceedings

below. In filing the motion to quash challenging the constitutionality of La.R.S,

14:95.1, Defendant failed to put the Attorney General for the State of Louisiana (AG)

on notice so he could decide whether to intervene to further protect the interests of

the State in upholding the integrity of its laws. That failure necessitated that we grant

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a stay of the trial of this matter scheduled for November 27, 2023, which has further

impeded our ability to decide the issues posited herein in an expeditious manner, as

this court labors under an independent requirement to notify the AG by certified mail

once an appellate action is lodged wherein the constitutionality of one or more of

our laws is questioned. Louisiana Revised Statutes 13:4448 provides:

Prior to adjudicating the constitutionality of a statute of the state
of Louisiana, the courts of appeal and the Supreme Court of Louisiana
shall notify the attorney general of the proceeding and afford him an
opportunity to be heard. The notice shall be made by certified mail. No
judgment shall be rendered without compliance with the provisions of
this Section; provided where the attorney general was not notified of
the proceeding, the court shall hold adjudication of the case open
pending notification of the attorney general as required herein.

We have now taken the appropriate action to notify the AG.

In several cases, appellate courts have found that a constitutional challenge

was not properly before the court when the AG was not notified of the constitutional

challenge in the district court. See Huber v. Midkiff, 02-664 (La. 2/7/03), 838 So.2d

771; State v. Expunged Rec. No. 249,044, 02-589 (La.App. 3 Cir. 12/11/02), 833

So.2d 553; and State v. Broussard, 18-616 (La.App. 1 Cir. 12/21/18), 268 So.3d 307.

In those cases, some courts vacated the trial court’s ruling and remanded for the AG

to be given notice and an opportunity to be heard. Other courts simply remanded the

case for further proceedings. However, in State v. V.L.G., 11-634 (La.App. 3 Cir.

12/7/11) (unpublished opinion), this court opted to consider the constitutional

challenge after notifying the AG. This court distinguished Expunged Rec. No.

249,044, stating that it involved a declaratory judgment, and distinguished Huber,

stating that it involved a ruling by the trial court that the statute was unconstitutional.

Id. Considering that the statute in V.L.G. had been ruled constitutional in the trial

court, this court found no prejudice to the AG, and thus the State’s interest, and

proceeded to decide the issue on the merits.

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Like V.L.G., the trial court in the present case found that the statute was

constitutional. Thus, the AG’s interests, i.e. the State’s interests, were not harmed

by the trial court’s ruling. Further, considering that the AG has now been notified

and has chosen not to respond, we opt to decide the issue on the merits.

The latest test of the depth and breadth of the right to bear arms came in Bruen,

597 U.S. 1, 142 S.Ct. 2111. Therein, the Supreme Court held, consistent with

District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 128 S.Ct. 2783 (2008), and McDonald

v. Chicago, 561 U.S. 742, 130 S.Ct. 3020 (2010), “that the Second and Fourteenth

Amendments protect an individual’s right to carry a handgun for self-defense outside

the home.” Id. at 2122. The Court stated:

[W]hen the Second Amendment’s plain text covers an individual’s
conduct, the Constitution presumptively protects that conduct. The
government must then justify its regulation by demonstrating that it is
consistent with the Nation’s historical tradition of firearm regulation.
Only then may a court conclude that the individual’s conduct falls
outside the Second Amendment’s “unqualified command.”

Id. at 2129–30 (citation omitted).

The Supreme Court, in identifying the evidence the government could use to

show that a regulation is consistent with the historical tradition of firearm regulation,

stated:

To be sure, “[h]istorical analysis can be difficult; it sometimes
requires resolving threshold questions, and making nuanced judgments
about which evidence to consult and how to interpret it.” McDonald,
561 U.S. at 803–804, 130 S.Ct. 3020 (Scalia, J., concurring). But
reliance on history to inform the meaning of constitutional text—
especially text meant to codify a pre-existing right—is, in our view,
more legitimate, and more administrable, than asking judges to “make
difficult empirical judgments” about “the costs and benefits of firearms
restrictions,” especially given their “lack [of] expertise” in the field. Id.,
at 790–791, 130 S.Ct. 3020 (plurality opinion).

Id. at 2130 (alterations in original).

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The Court further stated:

The dissent claims that Heller’s text-and-history test will prove
unworkable compared to means-end scrutiny in part because judges are
relatively ill equipped to “resolv[e] difficult historical questions” or
engage in “searching historical surveys.” Post, at 2177, 2179. We are
unpersuaded. The job of judges is not to resolve historical questions in
the abstract; it is to resolve legal questions presented in particular cases
or controversies. That “legal inquiry is a refined subset” of a broader
“historical inquiry,” and it relies on “various evidentiary principles and
default rules” to resolve uncertainties. W. Baude & S. Sachs,
Originalism and the Law of the Past, 37 L. & Hist. Rev. 809, 810–811
(2019). For example, “[i]n our adversarial system of adjudication, we
follow the principle of party presentation.” United States v. Sineneng-
Smith, 590 U.S. ––––, ––––, 140 S.Ct. 1575, 1579, 206 L.Ed.2d 866
(2020). Courts are thus entitled to decide a case based on the historical
record compiled by the parties.

Id. at n.6 (alterations in original).

We agree with the State that the Supreme Court’s holding in Bruen does not,

in general, declare unconstitutional laws making it unlawful for convicted felons to

own or possess firearms, and this includes, in particular, La.R.S. 14:95.1. The

opinion explicitly states as much:

To be clear, analogical reasoning under the Second Amendment
is neither a regulatory straightjacket nor a regulatory blank check. On
the one hand, courts should not “uphold every modern law that
remotely resembles a historical analogue,” because doing so “risk[s]
endorsing outliers that our ancestors would never have accepted.”
Drummond v. Robinson, 9 F.4th 217, 226 (CA3 2021). On the other
hand, analogical reasoning requires only that the government identify a
well-established and representative historical analogue, not a historical
twin. So even if a modern-day regulation is not a dead ringer for
historical precursors, it still may be analogous enough to pass
constitutional muster.

Consider, for example, Heller’s discussion of “longstanding”
“laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as
schools and government buildings.” 554 U.S. at 626, 128 S.Ct. 2783.
Although the historical record yields relatively few 18th- and 19th-
century “sensitive places” where weapons were altogether prohibited—
e.g., legislative assemblies, polling places, and courthouses—we are
also aware of no disputes regarding the lawfulness of such prohibitions.
See D. Kopel & J. Greenlee, The “Sensitive Places” Doctrine, 13
Charleston L. Rev. 205, 229–236, 244–247 (2018); see also Brief for
Independent Institute as Amicus Curiae 11–17. We therefore can
assume it settled that these locations were “sensitive places” where

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arms carrying could be prohibited consistent with the Second
Amendment. And courts can use analogies to those historical
regulations of “sensitive places” to determine that modern regulations
prohibiting the carry of firearms in new and analogous sensitive places
are constitutionally permissible.

Id. at 2133.

The Court itself in Bruen further cited some of the historical examples where

the government was justified in prohibiting certain persons, including felons, from

possessing or owning firearms, “demonstrating that it is consistent with the Nation’s

historical tradition of firearm regulation.” Id. at 2129–30.

[E]ven during Reconstruction the right to keep and bear arms had limits.
But those limits were consistent with a right of the public to peaceably
carry handguns for self-defense. For instance, when General D. E.
Sickles issued a decree in 1866 pre-empting South Carolina’s Black
Codes—which prohibited firearm possession by blacks—he stated:
“The constitutional rights of all loyal and well-disposed inhabitants to
bear arms will not be infringed; nevertheless this shall not be construed
to sanction the unlawful practice of carrying concealed weapons.... And
no disorderly person, vagrant, or disturber of the peace, shall be
allowed to bear arms.” Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., at 908–
909; see also McDonald, 561 U.S. at 847–848, 130 S.Ct. 3020 (opinion
of THOMAS, J.).

Id. at 2152 (emphasis added).

The concurring opinion of Justice Kavanaugh, joined in by Chief Justice

Roberts, makes this point very clear:

Properly interpreted, the Second Amendment allows a “variety” of gun
regulations. Heller, 554 U.S. at 636, 128 S.Ct. 2783. As Justice Scalia
wrote in his opinion for the Court in Heller, and Justice ALITO
reiterated in relevant part in the principal opinion in McDonald:

“Like most rights, the right secured by the Second
Amendment is not unlimited. From Blackstone through
the 19th-century cases, commentators and courts routinely
explained that the right was not a right to keep and carry
any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for
whatever purpose.... [N]othing in our opinion should be
taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the
possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or
laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places
such as schools and government buildings, or laws
imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial

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sale of arms. [Footnote 26: We identify these
presumptively lawful regulatory measures only as
examples; our list does not purport to be exhaustive.]

Id. at 2162 (alterations in original).

In addition, the concurring opinion of Justice Alito drives this point home

without doubt or indecision:

Our holding decides nothing about who may lawfully possess a firearm
or the requirements that must be met to buy a gun. Nor does it decide
anything about the kinds of weapons that people may possess. Nor have
we disturbed anything that we said in Heller or McDonald v. Chicago, 561 U.S. 742, 130 S.Ct. 3020, 177 L.Ed.2d 894 (2010), about
restrictions that may be imposed on the possession or carrying of guns.

Id. at 2157.

In United States v. Collette, 630 F.Supp.3d 841, 851 (W.D. Tex. 2022)

(footnote omitted) (alteration in original), the U.S. District Court for the Western

District of Texas denied a motion to dismiss as unconstitutional a similar charge of

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon under federal law:

A free society has the right to punish but “prefers to punish the
few who abuse rights of [the people] after they break the law than to
throttle them and all others beforehand.” Felons are those who have
abused the rights of the people. And as outlined above, this Nation has
a “longstanding” tradition of exercising its right—as a free society—to
exclude from “the people” those who squander their rights for crimes
and violence. Consistent with Heller and Bruen, the Second
Amendment should be no different here. As a result, the Court holds
that § 922(g)(1) is constitutional on its face and as applied to this
Defendant. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Indictment is accordingly
DENIED.

Therein, the court found analogous other provisions limiting the constitutional

rights of certain groups, including convicted felons, noting that “it has been

historically constitutional to exclude” the right to vote guaranteed to “‘the people’

under Section 2, Article I” to persons convicted of felonies and that the Supreme

Court has excluded certain groups from the “the people’s right of assembly[]” as

guaranteed by the First Amendment’s Assembly-and-Petition clause. Id. at 849. The

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court stated, “Bruen did shake up the legal landscape. And the Court believes that

faithfully following Bruen’s new framework casts doubt on some firearm regulations.

But the regulation in this case is not one of them.” Id. at 842.

In United States v. Carrero, 635 F.Supp.3d 1210, 1213 (D. Utah 2022)

(citations omitted), the U.S. District Court for the District of Utah likewise found

that Bruen did not declare unconstitutional the federal prohibition on certain felons

to possess firearms:

This court is not alone in finding that felon-in-possession
regulations survive Bruen. Federal courts inside and outside the Tenth
Circuit have assessed the facial constitutionality of Section 922(g)(1)
under Bruen’s framework. As far as this court can find, every federal
court that has assessed the facial constitutionality of Section 922(g)(1)
in the wake of the Bruen decision has held that Section 922(g)(1) is
constitutional on its face.

See also United States v. Jackson, 69 F.4th 495 (8th Cir. 2023); United States v.
Alaniz, 69 F.4th 1124 (9th Cir. 2023).

We also agree with this rationale and find it applicable to the issue of the

constitutionality of La.R.S. 14:95.1, as applied to Defendant herein.

Defendant cites United States v. Daniels, 77 F.4th 337 (5th Cir. 2023), to

support his position that La.R.S. 14:95.1 is unconstitutional as applied to his

circumstances as a prior convicted felon for a drug-related offense. Given our

analysis above, we find the argument unpersuasive and that Daniels is inapplicable

to the prohibition of the right of certain felons to own or possess firearms. Daniels

did not involve a convicted felon, rather it dealt with a law prohibiting an “‘unlawful

user’” of drugs from possessing a firearm. In that matter, the court stated, “Title 18

U.S.C. § 922(g)(3) bars an individual from possessing a firearm if he is an “unlawful

user” of a controlled substance. Patrick Daniels is one such “‘unlawful user’—he

admitted to smoking marihuana [sic] multiple days per month.” Id. at 339.

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Considering the stated limitations of the Supreme Court’s opinion in Bruen,

with the historical examples cited therein, and other legal resources reflecting

analogous restrictions readily accessible to the courts through jurisprudence

supporting reasonable restrictions for certain persons, including felons, to possess

firearms, we find no error in the decision of the trial court denying Defendant’s

motion to quash.

WRIT GRANTED. RELIEF DENIED: We grant the writ, but deny relief,
finding no error in the decision of the trial court denying Defendant’s motion to
quash.

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