Crickett Miller v. Blacktype Farms

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

WCA 06-1202

CRICKETT MILLER

VERSUS

BLACKTYPE FARMS

**********

APPEAL FROM THE
OFFICE OF WORKERS’ COMPENSATION - # 2
PARISH OF RAPIDES, NO. 04-08804
JAMES L. BRADDOCK, WORKERS’ COMPENSATION JUDGE

**********

JOHN D. SAUNDERS
JUDGE

**********

Court composed of John D. Saunders, Jimmie C. Peters, and Michael G. Sullivan,
Judges.

REVERSED AND RENDERED.

John Goulding Swift
Swift & Rhoades
P. O. Box 53107
Lafayette, LA 70505-3107
(337) 572-9877
Counsel for Defendant/Appellant:
Blacktype Farms

Ann Dore Latour
Attorney at Law
405 W. Main St.
Lafayette, LA 70501
(337) 235-3878
Counsel for Defendant/Appellant:
Blacktype Farms

Crickett Miller
In Proper Person
P. O. Box 35
St. Maurice, LA 71471
(318) 646-3683

SAUNDERS, Judge.

An employee brought an action against her employer in a workers’

compensation court. The employee requested reimbursement of past medical bills

paid by her, reasonable expenses for future medical bills, and penalties for arbitrary

and/or capricious denial of her claim.

The workers’ compensation judge (WCJ) was presented with conflicting

testimony regarding the time and place of her injury. Furthermore, the WCJ was

presented with conflicting testimony as to who was benefitting from the employee’s

actions when she was injured.

The WCJ found that the employee was a 24 hour a day employee and,

therefore, regardless of which version of events testified to by the litigants was true,

she was within the course and scope of her employment when she was injured.

Because of this finding, the WCJ awarded the employee the relief requested.

We reverse the WCJ’s ruling that the employee was a 24 hour employee as that

ruling was based on an error of law. We conduct a de novo review of the record,

render judgment that the employee failed to carry her burden of proof that she was

within the course and scope of her employment when her accident took place, and

dismiss the employee’s claim with prejudice.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY:

Cricket Miller (“Ms. Miller”) was employed by Blacktype Farms to feed and

care for expensive racing horses. The owners of Blacktype Farms, Dr. Thomas Latour

(“Dr. Latour”) and his wife, Roxie Latour (“Mrs. Latour”), arranged and paid for Ms.

Miller to reside in a camp, owned by Mr. Rayburn Smith, located over a half-mile

away from Blacktype Farms. Ms. Miller claimed that on or about December 3, 2003,

while working at Blacktype Farms, she had an accident and sustained injuries to her

teeth, mouth and jaw. Ms. Miller testified that the accident took place at about six

o’clock in the evening while she was in the Blacktype Farms’ arena attempting to

unload hay from the back of a work truck. She testified that she was unloading the

hay in order to feed horses owned by Blacktype Farms. Ms. Miller produced no other

witnesses, nor did she produce any corroborating evidence as to the place or the

purpose of her actions when the accident occurred.

The testimony of the owners of Blacktype Farms presented a very different

version of events surrounding Ms. Miller’s injury. First, Dr. Latour controverted Ms.

Miller’s testimony that she was feeding the horses at six o’clock P.M. He testified

that normal afternoon feedings happened between three and four in the evening. Dr.

Latour claims he would never have allowed such a large deviation from the strict

feeding schedule of his horses.

Further, Dr. Latour testified that Ms. Miller had spoken to him the next

afternoon regarding her December 3, 2003, accident. In his testimony, Dr. Latour

claimed that Ms. Miller stated that she had injured herself the day before when she

fell and hit her mouth on the tailgate of the work truck after her duties were

completed. Further, according to Dr. Latour, Ms. Miller said that she was using a

swing knife in an attempt to clear brush from a gate located at her residence at the

Smith Camp when she fell and was injured. Dr. Latour also said that Ms. Miller told

him that when the accident took place, she was clearing this brush in order to prepare

the land around her residence for storing her own horses.

The testimony of Mrs. Latour also contradicted some of Ms. Miller’s testimony

regarding the circumstances surrounding her accident. Mrs. Latour testified that the

series of events put forth by Ms. Miller is illogical. Mrs. Latour testified that if Ms.

2

Miller’s series of events is to be believed, she would have to remove hay from the

barn, carry that hay from the barn to the arena on a four-wheeler, load the hay from

the four-wheeler into the work truck in the arena, then proceed to unload the hay from

the truck back onto the four-wheeler to go and feed the horses. Mrs. Latour also

testified that although use of the work truck was strictly for farm purposes, during

times of wet weather, as was the case near the time of the accident, Ms. Miller was

allowed to use the work truck to traverse the driveway to get to her residence at the

Smith Camp due to the truck’s four-wheel drive capability.

Regardless of the conflicting testimony, the WCJ gave great weight to two

facts: (1) Dr. Latour paid the rent and utilities and had arranged for Ms. Miller to

reside in the Smith Camp and (2) the work truck was normally used only for farm

purposes. The WCJ reasoned that because of these two facts, regardless of where,

when and why Ms. Miller was injured, case law mandated that Ms. Miller was a 24

hour a day employee, and, as such, regardless of which version of events actually

took place, she was within the course and scope of her employment at the time of the

accident. The WCJ awarded Ms. Miller the relief she sought.

Blacktype Farms appealed the WCJ’s judgment. We reverse the WCJ’s finding

that Ms. Miller is a 24 hour a day employee. We conduct a de novo review of the

record, and render the opinion that Ms. Miller did not carry her burden of proof

necessary to recover under the workers’ compensation statutes. Ms. Miller’s workers’

compensation claim against Blacktype Farms is dismissed with prejudice.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR:

1. Did the WCJ err in finding Cricket Miller within the course and scope of her
employment when she was injured?

3

2. Did the WCJ err in not determining if there was an accident under the
Workers’ Compensation Act?

3. Did the WCJ err in awarding Cricket Miller to be paid the following by
Blacktype Farms: (1) one thousand, seven hundred twelve dollars and forty-six
cents ($1,712.49) reimbursement for medical expenses together with legal
interest from the date of demand until paid, (2) reasonable and necessary
medical treatment from health care providers of her choosing

4. Did the WCJ err in awarding Cricket Miller two thousand dollars
($2,000.00)for arbitrary and capricious, and/or unreasonable denial of her
claim for medical benefits based upon its finding that Ms. Miller was in the
course and scope of her employment?

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR #1:

Blacktype Farms argues that the WCJ erred in finding Ms. Miller within the

course and scope of her employment when she was injured. We agree.

In general, an appellate court is to review factual findings issued in workers’

compensation matters according to the manifest error-clearly wrong standard, set

forth by the Louisiana Supreme Court in Banks v. Industrial Roofing & Sheet Metal

Works, Inc., 96-2840 (La. 7/1/97), 696 So.2d 551. However, when there are errors of

law asserted on appeal, the appellate court must make a determination whether the

workers’ compensation judge’s ruling was legally correct. McClain v. Pinecrest

Development Center, 00-1622 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/28/01), 779 So.2d 1112.

The WCJ was presented with two versions of events and ruled that even if the

version of events as put forth by the testimony of Dr. Latour is believed, case law

mandated that Ms. Miller should be found within the course and scope of her

employment when she was injured. The WCJ based its ruling on cases sometimes

referred to as “bunkhouse” cases.

These are cases where courts have found employees within the course and

scope of employment on a 24 hour basis when housing is provided as part of the

4

employment compensation received and when the main benefit of having its

employee housed on or next to land where they work is to the employer. Furthermore,

the employees in the “bunkhouse” cases are generally acting in furtherance of the

benefit to the employer and not acting on a purely personal basis when they are

injured.

We find that the WCJ’s application of those cases to the case at bar is an error

of law. The situation in the case at bar is different than those in the “bunkhouse” line

of cases. Here, Ms. Miller’s residence was not located on land owned by or adjacent

to Blacktype Farms. Moreover, the residence was not mainly provided to Ms. Miller

for the benefit of the employer, nor was Ms. Miller engaged in an activity in

furtherance of any benefit to Blacktype Farms when her injury took place.

The first case the WCJ cited was that of Prevost v. Gheens Realty Co., 151 La.

508, 92 So. 38 (La.1922). In Prevost the Supreme Court found that a worker who

sustained an injury while going from work to the bunkhouse was within the course

and scope of his employment. The bunkhouse in Prevost was owned by the employer,

provided to the employee mainly for the employer’s benefit, and located on the

premises where the employee worked.

If the version put forth by Dr. Latour is believed, unlike the claimant in

Prevost, Ms. Miller was not traveling between her work and her residence when she

was injured, nor was the residence provided to Ms. Miller mainly for Blacktype’s

benefit, nor was the residence located on or adjacent to Blacktype Farms. Rather, Dr.

Latour testified that when the accident occurred, Ms. Miller had already finished her

work, was living in a residence provided to her mainly out of his benevolence, and

5

was clearing brush from a gate at her residence located on property not belonging to

Blacktype Farms.

Further, the employer in Prevost directly benefitted from what its employee

was doing when the injury took place. Traveling to the bunkhouse was a requisite to

allow the employer to enjoy the benefit of having Mr. Prevost lodge on its grounds.

According to Dr. Latour, Ms. Miller, who was injured while clearing brush from an

interior gate, claimed to be doing this activity for the purpose of having her own

horses kept on the Smith property, a purely personal endeavor. Accordingly, the

application of the Prevost case to the case at bar is in error.

The WCJ also relied on Youngblood v. Rotor Aids, Inc., 491 So.2d 132

(La.App. 3 Cir.) writ denied 494 So.2d 1177(La.1986). In Youngblood, the claimant

worked in shifts where he was on duty 24 hours a day for seven-day shifts. The injury

in Youngblood happened when the claimant was engaged in an authorized rest period

during one of those shifts. Here, there is no evidence that Ms. Miller ever performed

shift work where she was on duty 24 hours a day for any period of time. Rather,

according to the testimony of Dr. Latour, Ms. Miller had freedom in her job to come

and go as she pleased as long as the horses got fed at appropriate times.

Furthermore, the claimant in Youngblood was required by his employer to

reside in an employer provided trailer in order to be on call for 24 hours a day, a

necessity of being able to perform his job. Therefore, the Youngblood claimant lived

at the trailer during the seven days of his shift mainly for the benefit of the employer.

Here, Ms. Miller was not required to live at the nearby Smith Camp in order to be

employed. Furthermore, there is no evidence in the record that Ms. Miller was living

at the Smith Camp mainly for the benefit of Blacktype Farms. Quite the contrary, Dr.

6

Latour testified that he made arrangements for Ms. Miller to live close to the farm out

of generosity and mainly for Ms. Miller’s convenience to have less travel time to get

to her job, to help her get out of her parents’ house and to help her raise her child.

Even though Mrs. Latour testified that it was of some benefit to Blacktype Farms to

have Ms. Miller reside close to the farm, any such benefit was secondary.

Accordingly, the WCJ’s application of Youngblood to the case at bar is in error.

Finally, the WCJ relies on the case of Vaughan v. Insurance Co. of North

America, 482 So.2d 1014 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1986). However, in Vaughan the issue as

whether the rental value of the mobile home provided to the employee by his

employer should be included in the claimant’s weekly wages. As before, the WCJ’s

reliance on this case is in error.

The WCJ misinterpreted cited case law, erroneously applied them to the case

at bar, and committed an error of law in concluding that Ms. Miller was analogous to

the employees in the “bunkhouse” line of cases. Based on this erroneous application,

the WCJ decided that regardless of which version of events it held correct, Ms. Miller

was within the course and scope of her employment when her accident happened.

Accordingly, we vacate the WCJ’s finding that Ms. Miller was within the course and

scope of her employment when she was injured.

Without a determination of whether Ms. Miller was within the course and

scope of her employment, we have no basis to rule on Assignments of Error numbers

2, 3 and 4. In the interest of judicial efficiency, and because we have a complete

record before us, we will conduct a review as to whether Ms. Miller was within the

course and scope of her employment when she was injured.

7

It is well settled that reviewing courts will defer to a reasonable decision of the

WCJ on a matter or question properly within its discretion. However, if the WCJ’s

decision is based on an erroneous interpretation or application of law rather than a

valid use of discretion, the incorrect decision is not entitled to deference. Kem Search,

Inc. v. Sheffield, 434 So. 2d 1067, 1071-1072.

Because the WCJ erroneously relied on “bunkhouse” case law, and because the

WCJ made no finding as to which version of events put forth by the conflicting

testimony it found correct, we will conduct a de novo review of the record to

determine if Ms. Miller carried her burden of proof that she was within the course and

scope of her employment when the accident that caused her injury took place. We

render the finding that she did not.

In a workers’ compensation proceeding, as in most civil actions, the plaintiff

must prove by a preponderance of the evidence the causation of his or her workers’

compensation claim. Therefore, the evidence, when taken as a whole, must show that

it is more probable than not that the employment accident caused the injury. Gradney

v. Vancouver Plywood Co., Inc., 299 So.2d 347 (La. 1974), see also La.R.S. 23:1031.

While it is clear from the record that Ms. Miller did suffer an injury, it is also

clear that she did not establish that this injury occurred while she was within the

course and scope of her employment. The only evidence put forth by Ms. Miller that

she was injured while in the course and scope of her employment was her own self-

serving testimony. While it is true that a worker’s testimony alone may satisfy the

burden of proof to establish a work related injury, for this testimony alone to suffice

no other evidence can discredit the worker’s version of events and the worker’s

testimony must be corroborated by the circumstances following the accident. Bruno

8

v. Harbert International, Inc., 593 So.2d 357 (La.1992). These two elements are not

present in the case at bar.

Ms. Miller’s testimony is controverted by that of Dr. Latour and Mrs. Latour.

Dr. Latour’s testimony is in direct conflict with Ms. Miller’s testimony on many

points.

First, Dr. Latour refuted Ms. Miller’s testimony as to what time she was

feeding the horses when she was injured. He testified that normal afternoon feeding

was from three to four P.M. and that Ms. Miller’s testimony that she was preparing

to feed his horses at six P.M. would never be allowed to have happened.

Second, Dr. Latour testified that Ms. Miller had told him a completely different

story as to the place where her accident happened. At trial, Ms. Miller said the

accident happened in the arena at Blacktype Farms. Dr. Latour controverted Ms.

Miller’s statements by testifying that Ms. Miller told him she was injured on property

not owned by Blacktype Farms, but rather at her residence, owned by Mr. Rayburn

Smith, located over a half-mile away.

Finally, Ms. Miller testified that she was intending to feed the horses when the

accident happened. Dr. Latour again controverted this testimony by stating that Ms.

Miller had told him her actions prior to injury were for the purely personal reason of

clearing brush from a gate in order to prepare land owned by Mr. Smith for her own

horses.

The testimony of Mrs. Latour also contradicted some of the facts that Ms.

Miller testified to with regards to the circumstances surrounding her accident. Mrs.

Latour testified that the series of events put forth by Ms. Miller, that she was in the

arena unloading hay from the work truck in order to go feed the horses, is illogical.

9

Mrs. Latour testified that if Ms. Miller’s series of events is to be believed, she would

have to remove hay from a barn, carry that hay from the barn to the arena on a four-

wheeler, load the hay from the four-wheeler into the work truck in the arena, unload

the hay from the truck back onto the four-wheeler, then go and feed the horses.

Because the record contains testimony that contradicts that of Ms. Miller, she

must produce further evidence of her injury occurring within the course and scope of

her employment. She has failed to do so.

Besides her self-serving testimony, the only other evidence that Ms. Miller

produced was unauthenticated medical records that indicated that she was indeed

injured at the time she alleges, but there is no mention in any of the medical records

of the circumstances surrounding her injury.

When looking at the evidence in the record as a whole, we find, at best, that

Ms. Miller proved that it is just as likely as not that she was injured within the course

and scope of her employment. Unfortunately for Ms. Miller, her burden of proof is

a preponderance of the evidence, a greater burden of proof than she is able to prove.

Therefore, we must find that Ms. Miller did not carry her burden.

Accordingly, we find that Ms. Miller has failed to carry her burden of proof in

establishing that she was more probably than not injured in a work-related accident.

As such, we dismiss Ms. Miller’s workers’ compensation claim against Blacktype

Farms with prejudice.

10

CONCLUSION:

We reverse the judgment rendered I favor of Cricket Miller and against

Blacktype Farms, and render judgment in favor of Blacktype Farms, dismissing

Cricket Miller’s claims with prejudice. All costs are assessed to Cricket Miller.

REVERSED AND RENDERED.

11