Shanelle Chapman v. Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

12-1168

SHANELLE CHAPMAN

VERSUS

COUSHATTA TRIBE OF LOUISIANA, ET AL.

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APPEAL FROM THE
OFFICE OF WORKERS’ COMPENSATION - DISTRICT 3
PARISH OF CALCASIEU, NO. 06-05787
CHARLOTTE L. BUSHNELL, WORKERS’ COMPENSATION JUDGE

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MARC T. AMY
JUDGE

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Court composed of Marc T. Amy, Shannon J. Gremillion, and John E. Conery,
Judges.

AFFIRMED.

Michael B. Miller
Miller and Associates
Post Office Box 1630
Crowley, LA 70527-1630
(337) 785-9500
COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT:
Shanelle Chapman

M. Jeremy Berthon
Johnson, Rahman & Thomas
Post Office Box 98001
Baton Rouge, LA 70898-8001
(225) 231-0925
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLEES:
Louisiana Workers’ Compensation Corporation
Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana

AMY, Judge.

The employee appeals the workers’ compensation judge’s determination that

the employer demonstrated her ability to earn ninety percent of her pre-injury wage

and that it proved the availability of suitable jobs. The employee specifically

contests the workers’ compensation judge’s rejection of her assertion that the

employer’s rehabilitation efforts were insufficient. The employee appeals. For the

following reasons, we affirm.

Factual and Procedural Background

Shanelle Chapman sustained injury in the course and scope of her

employment as a cook at the Coushatta Casino Resort. Pursuant to a 2007 consent

judgment, the Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana and its workers’ compensation insurer,

Louisiana Workers’ Compensation Corporation, began providing supplemental

earnings benefits at a rate of $230.91.

This matter arises from the defendants’ filing of a Motion for Modification

of Judgment in November 2011, wherein they alleged that the claimant had been

released to return to work from a sedentary to a full duty capacity by her

physicians. The defendants also asserted that a vocational rehabilitation counselor,

Buster Fontenot, had provided vocational rehabilitation to Ms. Chapman and had

further identified available positions within Ms. Chapman’s work capabilities.

Therefore, the defendants sought a modification of the consent judgment to reflect

that Ms. Chapman’s entitlement to SEBs was based on a post-accident wage

earning capacity.

At the hearing on the motion for modification, Ms. Chapman challenged the

adequacy of the vocational rehabilitation offered. However, the workers’

compensation judge ruled in favor of the defendants, finding Ms. Chapman capable

of earning ninety percent or more of her pre-injury wages. Therefore, the resulting

ruling declared that the employer “has no further obligation to pay workers’

compensation disability benefits.” The workers’ compensation ruling further

declared that “the vocational rehabilitation provided was appropriate and job

placement is not required.”

The claimant appeals that ruling, assigning the following as error:

1. The workers’ compensation judge erred in allowing the
rehabilitation file of Mr. Buster Fontenot and the statements of Mr.
Fontenot’s employees into evidence.

2. It was error for the workers’ compensation judge to award the
Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana and LWCC a credit against Shanelle
Chapman’s indemnity benefits.

Discussion

Evidence

Ms. Chapman first briefly touches upon an evidentiary issue encountered at

the compensation hearing. Namely, she contends that the defendants should not

have been permitted to introduce Mr. Fontenot’s vocational rehabilitation file into

evidence. Ms. Chapman asserts that, despite the defendants having had the file in

their possession for several months before the hearing, it was not provided to her

attorney until the day of the hearing. Ms. Chapman contends that the five minutes

provided by the workers’ compensation judge for review of the file was

inadequate. Having reviewed the transcript, we find no merit in this assignment of

error.

The transcript reveals that Ms. Chapman’s attorney primarily questioned the

contents of the compensation file, suggesting that certain documents that he had in

his possession had been removed. The attorney otherwise suggested that certain

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aspects of the related testimony constituted hearsay as some documentation was

initially generated by vocational consultants who did not testify at trial. On this

point, however, the workers’ compensation judge pointed out that she would allow

Mr. Fontenot to testify and would make a specific ruling regarding the

admissibility of the file afterward. Ms. Chapman’s objection was revisited at

several points of Mr. Fontenot’s testimony. At the end of the hearing, the

following exchange and ruling occurred:

[Ms. Chapman’s counsel]:
Judge, I did object. And as we have seen by the testimony of
the witness, there were more than one document missing from these
particular records. Both of those documents are crucial, the original
interview form and the documents concerning what he was supposed
to do in providing vocational rehabilitation. I was given this
information about . . . five minutes before you came in, Judge. I have
not looked through all the records and compared them with mine, but
there are other records missing, too, the portions of which I don’t
know, so I object on the fact that they’re not complete. I don’t have a
problem with the ones that I have seen being authentic but they’re just
not complete; that was my - - basically, that was my objection to it.

[Defense counsel]:
You Honor, they should be allowed in and give it whatever
weight you believe it’s due, especially since he’s been able to identify
two of the things he believes should have been in there that weren’t
and those have been admitted without any objection from me.

THE COURT:
The Court is going to allow the records to be admitted into
evidence, but I will also recognize that some of the documents that
were discussed with Mr. Fontenot are not in the record, so I agree
with both of you: They should be admitted and they are not - - the
records are not complete.

Louisiana Revised Statutes 23:1317 requires that a workers’ compensation

judge’s factual findings be based on competent evidence. See also Chaisson v.

Cajun Bag & Supply Co., 97-1225 (La. 3/4/98), 708 So.2d 375. However, the

statute further provides that workers’ compensation judges are not bound by

technical rules of evidence or procedure. Id. See also La.Code Evid. art. 1101(B).

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Rather, on review, an appellate court considers whether a workers’ compensation

judge’s factual findings are reasonably supported by competent evidence.

Chaisson, 708 So.2d 375.

Given the circumstances here, we find that the workers’ compensation judge

permissibly found the vocational rehabilitation file to be competent evidence. Mr.

Fontenot testified regarding the course of the multi-year rehabilitation efforts

expended in this case. He did so under extensive cross-examination by the

claimant’s attorney, a portion of which explicitly addressed the completeness and

adequacy of the file at issue. As pointed out in the above colloquy, some of this

questioning addressed documents that the attorney had in his possession, but which

were not seemingly contained in the counselor’s file.1

In light of the testimony provided, as well as the procedural and evidentiary

standards applicable in workers’ compensation matters, we find no merit in the

assertion that the workers’ compensation judge erred in admitting the file into

evidence.

This assignment lacks merit.

Benefits

Ms. Chapman next questions the workers’ compensation judge’s ultimate

determination that the defendants satisfied their burden of proving that she is

capable of earning ninety percent of her pre-injury wages, and that the employer is,

therefore, no longer obligated to pay workers’ compensation disability benefits.

Instead, Ms. Chapman asserts that the employer failed to provide adequate

1
The workers’ compensation judge addressed the issue of the adequacy of the file, stating:
“I think, as fact finder, I can decide whether they need to be in his file or otherwise. If they have
to do with Ms. Chapman, with Ms. Chapman’s case, presumably they should be in the file. In
this case, these documents are not.”

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vocational rehabilitation services. She alleges many deficiencies in the services

rendered. Ms. Chapman’s arguments in brief echo those she made below in an

effort to establish that the vocational rehabilitation services offered to her were

insufficient.

While Ms. Chapman frames this case as one involving sufficiency of the

vocational rehabilitation efforts, it was not instituted under La.R.S.

23:1226(B)(3)(a) 2 for the purpose of questioning the quality of the vocational

rehabilitation she was receiving. Instead, the chief question before the workers’

compensation judge involved the defendants’ attempt to prove that Ms. Chapman

was no longer entitled to the SEB benefits that she had been receiving. We review

this assignment of error within that framework.

Louisiana Revised Statutes 23:1221(3)(c)(i) provides as follows with regard

to the availability of SEBs:

Notwithstanding the provisions of Subparagraph (b) of this Paragraph,
for purposes of Subparagraph (a) of this Paragraph, if the employee is
not engaged in any employment or self-employment, as described in
Subparagraph (b) of this Paragraph, or is earning wages less than the
employee is able to earn, the amount determined to be the wages the
employee is able to earn in any month shall in no case be less than the
sum the employee would have earned in any employment or self-
employment, as described in Subparagraph (b) of this Paragraph,
which he was physically able to perform, and (1) which he was
offered or tendered by the employer or any other employer, or (2)
which is proven available to the employee in the employee’s or
employer’s community or reasonable geographic region.

2
La.R.S. 23:1226(B)(3)(a) provides that:

The employer shall be responsible for the selection of a licensed professional vocational
rehabilitation counselor to evaluate and assist the employee in his job placement or vocational
training. Should the employer refuse to provide these services, or a dispute arises concerning the
work of the vocational counselor, the employee may file a claim with the office to review the
need for such services or the quality of services being provided. The procedure for hearing such
claims shall be expedited as provided in R.S. 23:1124.

5

In Clay v. Our Lady of Lourdes Reg. Med. Ctr., 11-1797 (La. 5/8/12), 93

So.3d 536, the supreme court addressed La.R.S. 23:1221(3)(c)(i) in the context of

the parties’ respective burdens of proof. It stated that, once an employee meets his

or her initial burden of entitlement to benefits, an employer attempting to defeat

that claim “must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the employee is

physically able to perform a certain job and that the job was offered to the

employee or that the job was available to the employee in his or the employer’s

community or reasonable geographic region.” Id. at 539.

In this case, it is unquestioned that Ms. Chapman was receiving SEBs

resulting from a back injury, that she could no longer perform her former position,

and that her pain management physician determined that she had reached

maximum medical improvement. Thus, the employer attempted to demonstrate the

availability of certain jobs in the employee’s or the employer’s community or

reasonable geographic region pursuant to La.R.S. 23:1221(3)(c)(i).

On this latter element of job availability, the supreme court has explained

that an employer may satisfy its burden of proof by establishing, with competent

evidence, at a minimum:

(1) the existence of a suitable job within claimant’s physical
capabilities and within claimant’s or the employer’s community or
reasonable geographic region;

(2) the amount of wages that an employee with claimant’s
experience and training can be expected to earn in that job; and

(3) an actual position available for that particular job at the time
that the claimant received notification of the job’s existence.

Clay, 93 So.3d at 539 (quoting Banks v. Indus. Roofing & Sheet Metal Works, Inc.,

96-2840, pp. 10-11 (La. 7/1/97), 696 So.2d 551, 557).

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In this case, the workers’ compensation judge stated the following in finding

that the defendants had sustained their burden of proof:

It is ordered that the claimant is capable of earning 90 percent or more
of her pre-injury wages and, therefore, defendant has no further
obligation to pay workers’ compensation disability benefits. The
vocational rehabilitation provided was appropriate and job placement
is not required.

The claimant is not working. The vocational rehabilitation
counselor located jobs approved by claimant’s doctors. The claimant
argues that it is impractical for her to accept the jobs because she does
not have transportation and the jobs are not within her geographic
region.

....

In this case, the claimant is a 27-year-old female. The jobs
presented to the claimant were approved by claimant’s treating
physicians. She applied for the jobs in Eunice; however, one called
her back. After reviewing the record, the Court finds that the
vocational rehabilitation provided was appropriate under Banks and
job placement was not required. The Court considered the fact that
the claimant applied for the jobs and did not get a job. Since the
Supreme Court in Clay v. Our Lady of Lourdes Regional Medical
Center, Inc., 2011-C-1797 (05-18-2012) has made it very clear that
courts cannot monitor claimants who may apply but sabotage efforts
to actually obtain the jobs. For these reasons, job placement is not
required and the claimant is capable of earning 90 percent or more of
her pre-injury wages and, therefore, defendant has no obligation to
pay benefits.

Our review of the record reveals no manifest error in this ruling. Instead, the

record indicates that Mr. Fontenot performed a vocational assessment and repeated

job surveys beginning in 2007. It further indicates that Ms. Chapman’s pain

management physician and orthopedic surgeon approved a number of those

positions as suitable for her limitations. After the final survey, in November 2011,

Ms. Chapman’s pain management physician again confirmed that she had reached

maximum medical improvement and that she could return to some type of

employment, with a lifting capacity of no more than ten to fifteen pounds.

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The pain management physician approved six of the nine positions

submitted by Mr. Fontenot, including positions as a security worker, a sewing

machine operator, a hotel front desk clerk, a custodian, and a cashier. The

physician did, however, deny approval of two additional clerk positions and a

customer service representative position. The job descriptions for each, including

the hourly wage attributable to each, is included within the defendants’ exhibit.

Admittedly, Mr. Fontenot did not testify regarding the number of hours the job

applicant for these positions would be expected to work each week. However,

given the otherwise detailed nature of the job descriptions, and in light of the

hourly wage contained on the descriptions, we find no manifest error in a

determination that such an omission was not fatal to the overall proof regarding the

amount of wages offered by each position.

Mr. Fontenot testified that, while he may not have personally verified the

availability of the positions at the time they were submitted, a consultant did so.

Further, while Ms. Chapman explained that she applied for and did not receive the

positions submitted, the supreme court has repeatedly remarked that actual job

placement is not required. Clay, 93 So.3d 536 (citing Seal v. Gaylord Container

Corp., 97-0688 (La. 12/2/97), 704 So.2d 1161). See also Banks, 696 So.2d 551.

Neither do we find merit in Ms. Chapman’s position that the workers’

compensation judge should have considered the positions unavailable since she did

not have a vehicle to reach those in communities outside of her hometown of

Eunice. Significantly, La.R.S. 23:1221(3)(c)(i) provides only that the employer

must demonstrate that a job is “available to the employee in the employee’s or

employer’s community or reasonable geographic region.” (Emphasis added.)

Additionally, the workers’ compensation judge was aware that Ms. Chapman had

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been able to find transportation to her previous place of employment and, as

established on cross-examination, she had access to transportation, whether

through family members or a vehicle she had in her possession during the time

period in questions. In short, the record supports the conclusion that job

availability within the reasonable geographic region was demonstrated.

Finally, Ms. Chapman devotes a portion of her argument questioning

whether Mr. Fontenot abided by a written agreement entered into at the request of

her attorney. She contends that his actions violated the agreement given certain

bills submitted to the insurer which were not included in the rehabilitation file,

certain communications with the defendants to which the claimant’s attorney was

not a party, and the submission of job descriptions that she contends were

inappropriate under the circumstances. Further, Ms. Chapman argues, as she did at

trial, that Mr. Fontenot violated ethical rules applicable to vocational rehabilitation

counselors.

Notably, however, this is not a case arising under La.R.S. 23:1226(B)(3)(a)

in which the workers’ compensation court had previously ordered such employee-

requested conditions. See Hargrave v. State, DOTD, 12-0341 (La. 10/16/12), 100

So.3d 786 (wherein the Louisiana Supreme Court rejected a court’s requirement

that a vocational rehabilitation counselor comply with certain prophylactic

claimant-requested conditions absent evidence as to an actual dispute regarding the

quality of the services provided by the counselor or the necessity of such

services.)3 Rather, this case involved an employer’s attempt to satisfy its burden of

3
Similarly, Ms. Chapman’s reliance on a 1995 opinion from this court, Maxie v. Brown
Indus., Inc., 95-19 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/21/95), 657 So.2d 443, writ denied, 95-1630 (La. 10/6/95),
661 So.2d 469, is not persuasive in this case. Rather, since Maxie, La.R.S. 23:1226 has been
amended to provide an injured employee with an avenue for review of the quality of the
vocational rehabilitation services provided. In Hargrave, 100 So.3d 786, the supreme court

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proving that an employee was no longer entitled to payment of SEB benefits. In

this context, we find no error in the workers’ compensation judge’s determination

that the alleged deviations from the claimant-requested conditions or the ethical

standards were not sufficient to have undermined the defendants’ evidence

regarding their burden of proof under La.R.S. 23:1221(3)(c)(i).

This assignment lacks merit.

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, the ruling of the workers’ compensation judge is

affirmed. Costs of this proceeding are assessed to the appellant, Shanelle

Chapman.

AFFIRMED.

recognized the significance of this legislation following the jurisprudence of the 1980s and 1990s
addressing inadequate vocational rehabilitation services. Again, Ms. Chapman did not seek the
remedy available to her through La.R.S. 23:1226(B)(3)(a).

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