Silton Ardoin v. Gde Renovations, Inc.

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

22-580

SILTON ARDOIN

VERSUS

GDE REVOVATIONS, INC.
K&C SHEET METAL AND ROOFING

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APPEAL FROM THE
OFFICE OF WORKERS’ COMPENSATION, DISTRICT 4
PARISH OF LAFAYETTE, NO. 14-05370
ANTHONY PALERMO, WORKERS COMPENSATION JUDGE

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CANDYCE G. PERRET
JUDGE

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Court composed of Candyce G. Perret, Guy E. Bradberry, and Wilbur L. Stiles,
Judges.

AFFIRMED.

Jennifer B. Valois
Barber Valois Law Firm
1704 W. University Avenue
Lafayette, LA 70506
(337) 232-9893
COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT:
Silton Adoin

Jason E. Wilson
Kevin W. Fouquier, II
Galloway, Johnson, Tompkins, Burr & Smith
3861 Ambassador Caffery Parkway, Suit 300
Lafayette, LA 70503
(337) 735-1760
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLEES:
GDE Revovations, Inc.
Granite State Insurance Company

K&C Sheet Metal and Roofing, Inc.
792 McKendree Lake Way
Lawrenceville, GA 30043-4185
DEFENDANT

PERRET, Judge.

Silton Ardoin, Claimant, appeals a workers’ compensation judgment

rendered in favor of GDE Renovations and K&C Sheet Metal and Roofing, Inc.,

dismissing his claims with prejudice. For the following reasons, we affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY:

Mr. Ardoin filed a Disputed Claim for Compensation on August 11, 2014,

alleging that he fell through a roof at the Steeplechase Apartment complex while

working for GDE Renovations, Inc. (“GDE”) and K&C Sheet Metal and Roofing,

Inc. (“K&C”). GDE was hired to repair the roof of one of the apartment buildings

and hired K&C as its subcontractor. The original alleged date of the incident was

June 19, 2014. According to Mr. Ardoin, he sustained injuries to his right knee,

hip, and left leg for which he sought medical treatment. Mr. Ardoin amended his

claim several times, including on June 2, 2021, to amend the date of incident to

May 19, 2014, and to claim injury to both knees and his lower back; and on July 22,

2021, to add a claim for spoliation/adverse presumption of the evidence as well as

penalties, attorney fees, judicial interest, and costs.

GDE has denied the claim entirely and has not paid benefits. GDE further

claims K&C was its subcontractor at the time of the alleged accident on the

Steeplechase Apartment project, but denies that Mr. Ardoin was an employee of

either GDE or K&C. GDE filed a third-party demand against K&C on July 24,

2017. A preliminary default judgment on the third-party demand was signed on

December 4, 2017.

At the September 23, 2021 trial on the merits, the workers’ compensation

judge (“WCJ”) heard testimony from Mr. Ardoin as well as Howard Sterling, who

testified that he witnessed Mr. Ardoin’s accident. Andrew Copeland, GDE’s

project manager on the site, testified on behalf of GDE. K&C did not appear.

At trial, Mr. Ardoin testified that he has a seventh-grade education. After

school, he worked with racehorses, riding them for their exercise. In fact, at the

time of this accident, he had recently been licensed by the Louisiana Racing

Commission to exercise horses. However, since this accident, he has not been able

to ride horses. He also testified that he is often homeless.

As to GDE and the accident itself, Mr. Ardoin recalled working for GDE on

a roofing project in May of 2014. A man he knew named Calvin Coleman

provided Mr. Ardoin with information regarding the job. Mr. Ardoin recalled

being provided the name “Gustavo” and testified that Gustavo was the “boss” at

the Steeplechase job. He rode to the jobsite with Calvin and was “hired” by

Gustavo at $120.00 per day and was to be paid in cash. He recalled Gustavo wore

“[a] white and blue shirt with [GDE] on it.” Mr. Ardoin never signed anything

when he arrived. Instead, Gustavo signed Mr. Ardoin’s name in a notebook. Mr.

Ardoin started work on a Saturday. He returned Monday, May 19, and that is the

day the accident occurred.

Mr. Ardoin explained that he was carrying shingles around 2:30 p.m on May

19, 2014. At the time, he was placing bundles of shingles on top of the roof. He

was on the roof by himself, and the shingles were handed to him by another laborer

who brought them up the ladder. As he was stacking the bundles, he walked close

to the edge and the plywood, which was rotten, broke and his right foot went

through the roof. Thereafter, Gustavo came up on the roof and took pictures of the

hole. Then, despite Mr. Ardoin indicating that he was injured and needed to see a

doctor, Gustavo drove Mr. Ardoin home. The following day Mr. Ardoin went to

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the emergency room. He did not return to the jobsite and was not paid any benefits

by GDE.

On cross-examination, Mr. Ardoin testified that he was not provided with

any safety equipment, such as a harness, on the jobsite. He also verified that in his

deposition he stated a man named “Joe” was the person handing him the bundles of

shingles while he was on the roof, and that “Joe” witnessed the accident.

Mr. Ardoin then called Howard Sterling on his behalf. Mr. Sterling testified

that he worked on the roof at Steeplechase Apartments. He explained that some

Hispanic men approached him and asked if he wanted to work, that he would be a

helper, and would be paid approximately $100 per day. Mr. Sterling does not

recall the name of the company he went to work for, and he was paid in cash every

week and worked for three weeks. He did recall, however, that Mr. Ardoin was

also working as a helper on that job.

Regarding Mr. Ardoin’s accident, Mr. Sterling explained that he brought the

bundles of shingles up the ladder and that Mr. Ardoin was doing the same. Mr.

Sterling testified that there was a soft spot on the roof and Mr. Ardoin fell through

the spot, hurting his ankle. He explained that he was in front of Mr. Ardoin when

the accident occurred. Mr. Sterling testified that he helped Mr. Ardoin down the

ladder. Mr. Sterling recalled that Mr. Ardoin left that day and attempted to return

the following day, however, he was limping.

Mr. Sterling testified that the Hispanic men were doing the roofing job and

that he never reported to the managers at the apartment complex or to Mr.

Copeland, who counsel pointed out to Mr. Sterling in the courtroom. Mr. Sterling

specifically denied ever seeing Mr. Copeland at the worksite.

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On cross-examination, Mr. Sterling denied that he was required to sign a

daily log for each day that he worked while on the Steeplechase job despite

counsel showing Mr. Sterling his name on the daily log. When presented with his

signature on the log, Mr. Sterling denied that it was his signature. He then signed

the paper in court for comparison, which was introduced into evidence as Exhibit

M.

Andrew Copeland testified as the project manager for GDE. He supervised

the Steeplechase Apartment project. Mr. Copeland explained that Steve Stephens1

was his senior project manager at GDE and that GDE subcontracted with K&C for

this job. K&C’s foreman/crew leader on the jobsite was a man named “Jessie

Ruiz.” Mr. Copeland testified that he was the only GDE employee on the job site

and that the crew was provided by K&C. He testified that workers were required

to wear a GDE shirt, which was a white t-shirt with red and black writing or

numbers. Mr. Copeland also explained that the Steeplechase owners required a

daily log of all workers on the job every day. Mr. Copeland added a “project

update narrative” to the daily logs, which included information such as weather

updates that impacted their work and what phase of the project was going on each

day. The timesheets were verified by Mr. Copeland and admitted into evidence.

Using the project update narratives on the daily logs, Mr. Copeland

explained the process of replacing a roof: first the roof is torn down to the plywood,

all rotten plywood is identified and replaced, two layers of felt are laid down, tin

tags are placed to reinforce the shingle bed, then, lastly, the new shingles are put

down.

We use the spelling of “Stephens” found in the deposition of Mr. Walton Murph
1

Stephens, III, although the trial transcript spells this witness’s name as “Stevens.”

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Mr. Copeland’s project update narrative for May 20, 2014, had a note that an

accident occurred on May 19, 2014, around 5:45 p.m. The narrative indicates that

Jessie Ruiz, who Mr. Copeland identified as Hispanic, the foreman for K&C, his

crew leader, “fell through [a] rotten piece of decking last evening about 5:45 pm

broke hole in ceiling of sheet rock in living room—He[’]s not injured.” Mr.

Copeland admitted that he did not witness the accident, but testified that he

climbed on the roof, checked the roof, then went with Mr. Ruiz and the

Steeplechase maintenance person to inspect the interior damage.

Mr. Copeland denied that Mr. Ardoin was an employee and denied that he

worked on the Steeplechase job in 2014. He reached this conclusion based on his

time sheets because he did not know all the workers’ names. Mr. Copeland also

believed Mr. Ardoin was not on his jobsite because Mr. Ardoin’s testimony about

carrying shingles up a ladder was contradictory to the equipment that was available

on the jobsite, such as a motorized ladder lift. Furthermore, Mr. Copeland

explained that on May 19, 2014, the damaged decking was being replaced.

Therefore, the site was not ready for the first bundle of shingles, which would have

remained on the ground until after the decking was replaced and the felt was

installed. He also denied that helpers climbed onto the roof, explaining that their

job was to load the shingle bundles from the pallet on the ground onto the lift. Mr.

Copeland explained that K&C provided the equipment, it was not rented, and

admitted that he has no photographs or evidence of the equipment at the worksite.

Both parties submitted exhibits. Mr. Ardoin’s exhibits included, amongst

others, his medical records and the deposition of Mr. Stephens. Mr. Ardoin’s

medical records indicate that he presented to the University Hospital and Clinics

emergency department on May 20, 2014, with right knee and lower back pain after

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falling through a roof at home the prior day. Other records from June 2014, also

indicate he was injured in May. However, the histories taken at a July 21, 2014

visit and an October 23, 2014 visit indicate that the injury occurred in June, not

May.

Mr. Ardoin was eventually referred to an orthopedic clinic. Mr. Ardoin

continued presenting to the emergency room and orthopedist with complaints of

bilateral leg pain through 2020. It was recommended that he have a total right

knee replacement, but that surgery has not been performed.

Both parties submitted the deposition of Walton Murph Stephens, III, who

was the senior project manager for GDE at the time of the alleged incident.

Importantly, Mr. Stephens testified that, for this job at the Steeplechase

Apartments, all workers were to be identified with GDE shirts and a log of all

workers was required each day by the owners of the apartment complex. Mr.

Stephens also testified that, while accident reports are required for accidents

involving GDE employees, GDE does not require accident reports for

subcontractors and subcontractor employees.

GDE submitted its workers’ compensation insurance policy as well as its

subcontract with K&C. The subcontract indicates that the work would take place

between May 13, 2014, and May 23, 2014; however, according to the testimony

and other evidence, the work continued into the beginning of June. The

subcontractor was to provide all labor, tools, and equipment, as well as verifying

that it carried workers’ compensation insurance. The contract describes the scope

of the work as including the removal of 320 square feet of rotted decking per

building, and then describes the manner in which the roofing was to be replaced.

The contract also includes a “Contractor Dress Code and Conduct Requirements”

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for contractors, contractor employees, and sub-contractors. The contractor was to

report to the Steeplechase leasing office and provide Daily Log Sign In Sheets.

The Daily Log Sign In Sheets were also admitted into evidence. The first

log sheet is dated May 14, 2014, and the last is June 2, 2014. Mr. Ardoin’s name

does not appear on any of the log sheets. The names of Gustavo and Howard

Sterling do appear, but not until May 21, 2014, and only one and two times,

respectively, after that date. For May 17, 2014, the day Mr. Ardoin alleges that he

was hired by Gustavo, there is no Gustavo signed in. For May 19, 2014, the day of

the alleged accident, there is no Gustavo or Howard Sterling signed in. There is,

however, a Jessie Ruiz signed in that day. The project update narrative for May

19th states, “Replacing damage decking on bldg. N. *All sheets to be replaced will

be numbered and marked.” The following day, May 20, 2014, the narrative states,

“Replaced all rotten decking, beginning felt and shingle installations. *Incident—

United N-26—Jessie fell through rotten piece of decking last evening about 5:45

pm broke hole in ceiling of sheet rock in living room. He[’]s not injured.”

After considering the exhibits and testimony as well as post-trial briefs, the

WCJ issued oral reasons for ruling on January 7, 2022. In those oral reasons the

WCJ also found that there was no evidence of spoliation and no judicial confession

by GDE regarding the employment status of Mr. Ardoin by K&C. The WCJ

specifically found that Mr. Ardoin was not a credible witness, noting that from the

outset, Mr. Ardoin changed the date of the incident three times as well as the

“tenor of how the accident happened.” The WCJ found that the following made

Mr. Ardoin not credible as a witness:

Mr. Ardoin described a time that he started work that was
completely contrary to the actual start times of this particular project.
Mr. Ardoin also failed to note the equipment that was available at the

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job site that was being used. Mr. Ardoin, in his date for the accident,
described laying shingles on the roof when the records show that at
the time and date that the accident allegedly happened, they were not
laying shingles on the roof. The roof was being cleared of old
shingles and felt.

Also, the descriptive manner that Mr. Ardoin gave to the
accident is completely contradicted by Mr. Copeland in that one does
not lay shingles on a rotten roof . . . . and therefore[,] his version of
the accident simply does not make logical sense.

It is also important to note that the witness called on behalf of
Mr. Ardoin, Howard Sterling’s testimony completely contradicts Mr.
Ardoin’s version of the accident, the time, the manner of what
happened, where people were, and calls into further question whether
an accident happened in this case.

The Court also notes that the medical records do not
corroborate an accident while working for GDE Renovations. The
medical records seem to indicate an accident that occurred at a
completely different site.

The WCJ court found that the evidence disputed whether Mr. Ardoin was

ever employed by GDE and found that Mr. Ardoin did not prove by a

preponderance of the evidence that an accident occurred. The WCJ also rendered

written reasons on January 25, 2022. These reasons did not make any additional

findings but did set forth the jurisprudence that the WCJ relied upon in making the

evidentiary determinations previously stated in its oral reasons.

Thereafter, Mr. Ardoin filed a Motion for New Trial alleging that the

judgment was not final because it was silent regarding K&C. The motion also

noted that the WCJ’s oral reasons indicated that it decided evidentiary issues

without providing the parties notice that said issues were decided, which

prejudiced Mr. Ardoin’s appeal rights on those issues. The WCJ denied the motion

in court, and signed an order to that effect on March 24, 2022, but corrected the

judgment via an Amended Final Judgment signed on March 18, 2022, dismissing

Mr. Ardoin’s claims against both GDE and K&C. Thereafter on March 28, 2022,

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the WCJ rendered an Oral Ruling, reversing its decision to exclude Mr. Ardoin’s

proffered Exhibit 12, a summary of an interview of Calvin Coleman, and clarifying

other evidentiary rulings that were deferred to post-trial briefs following the

September 23, 2021 trial on the merits.

Specifically, the March 28, 2022 oral reasons state:

This matter came for a motion for new trial in this matter because the
original judgment did not reflect that K&C Roofing was a party in this
case. The Court after reviewing the motion for new trial determined
that the prior ruling left out the admissibility of certain evidence.
Therefore, the Court is admitting page 12 of Plaintiff’s Exhibit 2,
admitting Plaintiff’s Exhibit 3 and is admitting Plaintiff’s Exhibit 4,
and also admitting the Plaintiff’s Proffer of the report by Calvin
Coleman.[2]

Mr. Ardoin did not receive notice of this oral ruling before filing his Motion

for Appeal on April 6, 2022. It was not until his counsel was preparing the

appellant brief that the ruling was discovered. This court also previously ordered

the record corrected and the appellate record supplemented on October 26, 2022.

See Ardoin v. GDE Renovations, Inc., 22-580 (La.App. 3 Cir. 10/26/22)

(unpublished opinion).

On appeal, Mr. Ardoin asserts four Assignments of Error:

1. The WCJ committed legal error by erroneously excluding
Appellant’s Trial Exhibit 12: Recorded Statement of Calvin Coleman
at trial, then reversing the exclusion and admitting the proffered
evidence after judgment.

2. The WCJ committed legal error by applying the wrong
legal standard to Appellant’s claim for [spoliation] seeking the
adverse presumption of the evidence Appellee GDE failed to produce.

2
Portions of Exhibits 2 and 3, as well as Exhibit 4 were objected to by GDE at trial. The
WCJ reserved the right to include those exhibits if, after hearing the testimony, it was determined
those exhibits were relevant and pertinent to the case. However, the WCJ stated he would allow
the parties to address those exhibits in post-trial briefs. In his reasons for ruling regarding the
January 18, 2022 Judgment, the WCJ failed to specify whether these exhibits were admitted.
Thus, at the Motion for New Trial, both parties requested that the WCJ address and clarify
whether these exhibits were admitted.

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3. The WCJ committed legal error by applying the wrong
legal standard to Appellant’s request for a finding that Appellee GDE
made a judicial admission of fact in GDE’s Motion for Preliminary
Default, regarding Appellant’s employment status with Appellee K &
C, pursuant to [La.Civ.Code] Art. 1853.

4. The WCJ committed legal error in liberally construing
the factual disputes in favor of the employers, in violation of [La.R.S.
23:]1020.1(D)(2).

Based on these alleged legal errors, Mr. Ardoin argues that a de novo review

is required and that this court should either remand for a new trial or render

judgment accordingly.

STANDARD OF REVIEW:

The factual findings of the WCJ are reviewed on appeal using the manifest

error standard of review. Numa C. Hero & Son v. Leleux, 15-305 (La.App. 3 Cir.

10/28/15), 178 So.3d 595. “Whether the burden of proof has been satisfied and

whether testimony is credible are questions of fact to be determined by the WCJ.

Under the manifest error rule, the reviewing court does not decide whether the

factfinder was right or wrong, but only whether its findings are reasonable.” Id. at

598 (citations omitted). “Unless the WCJ’s findings of fact are found to be

manifestly erroneous or clearly wrong, those findings will not be set aside. A

factfinder’s choice can virtually never be wrong if the evidence presents two

reasonable views of the facts.” Jackson v. Aramark Healthcare Servs., 17-503, p.

13 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/7/18), 239 So.3d 878, 888 (citations omitted).

The Louisiana Supreme Court has explained:

When findings are based on determinations regarding the
credibility of witnesses, the manifest error—clearly wrong standard
demands great deference to the trier of fact’s findings; for only the
factfinder can be aware of the variations in demeanor and tone of
voice that bear so heavily on the listener’s understanding and belief in
what is said. Where documents or objective evidence so contradict
the witness’s story, or the story itself is so internally inconsistent or

10

implausible on its face, that a reasonable fact finder would not credit
the witness’s story, the court of appeal may well find manifest error or
clear wrongness even in a finding purportedly based upon a credibility
determination. But where such factors are not present, and a
factfinder’s finding is based on its decision to credit the testimony of
one of two or more witnesses, that finding can virtually never be
manifestly erroneous or clearly wrong.

Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d 840, 844-45 (La.1989) (citations omitted).

ON OUR OWN REVIEW:

This appeal was taken from an amended judgment of the trial court signed

on March 18, 2022. The amended judgment corrected an error on the January 28,

2022 Judgment, which did not address Mr. Ardoin’s claims against K&C. The

amended judgment reaffirmed the prior adjudication, considering the trial on the

merits held on September 23, 2021, and the oral reasons assigned on January 7,

2022, in favor of GDE and against Mr. Ardoin and dismissed Mr. Ardoin’s claim

for benefits, penalties, and attorney fees. The amended judgment then added the

following regarding K&C:

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED
that there be judgment in favor of K&C Sheet Metal and Roofing, and
against Claimant, Silton Ardoin.

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED
that Silton Ardoin’s claim for indemnity benefits, medical benefits,
penalties and attorney fees is denied and the above captioned matter is
dismissed with prejudice.

As discussed in the prior facts, the error was brought to the WCJ’s attention

via Mr. Ardoin’s Motion for New Trial. The Motion for New Trial also raised

evidentiary issues. The transcript for the contradictory hearing indicates that both

parties admitted K&C needed to be added to the judgment and that the record

needed to be clarified regarding the admission of evidence.

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The WCJ also agreed there was an error in the original judgment and stated

he would deny the motion for new trial, but amend the judgment to properly

dispense with the claims against both GDE and K&C. The judgment was amended

and signed on March 18, 2022. An Order was signed on March 24, 2022, denying

Plaintiff’s Motion for New Trial and granted “Defendants, GDE Renovations,

Inc[.], and Granite State Insurance Company’s Oral Motion for an Amended

Judgment” and stated that “an Amended Judgment from the Court will be

forthcoming.”

Louisiana Civil Code of Procedure Article 1951 states (emphasis added):

On motion of the court or any party, a final judgment may be
amended at any time to alter the phraseology of the judgment or to
correct deficiencies in the decretal language or errors of calculation.
The judgment may be amended only after a hearing with notice to all
parties, except that a hearing is not required if all parties consent or if
the court or the party submitting the amended judgment certifies that
it was provided to all parties at least five days before the amendment
and that no opposition has been received. A final judgment may not
be amended under this Article to change its substance.

We note that substantive changes to judgments require the court to follow

one of the prescribed methods for making such a change or the judgment will be

deemed an absolute nullity. Washington v. Taylor, 21-80,21-81 (La.App. 4 Cir.

1/26/22), 334 So.3d 1060. The prescribed methods for making substantive

changes are “1) the timely motion for new trial; 2) timely appeal; or 3) petition or

action for nullity.” Id. at 1070 (quoting Paragon Lofts Condominium Owners

Ass’n, Inc. v. Paragon Lofts, L.L.C., 10-419, p. 2 (La.App. 4 Cir. 1/14/11), 55

So.3d 970, 972, writ denied, 11-314 (La. 4/1/11), 60 So.3d 1254). However, the

supreme court has indicated that a judgment may be amended substantively with

the consent of the parties. Villaume v. Villaume, 363 So.2d 448 (La.1978). In

Villaume, the supreme court stated, “the amended judgment accomplished the

12

same result as would have been obtained had the substantive change been effected

at a new trial or on appeal[.]” Id. at 451.

We find a similar result here. The parties both agreed that the January 18,

2022 Judgment required an amendment to add K&C as a party and that

adjudication as to K&C was required. While this is a substantive change, it was

done with the consent of the parties and accomplished the same result that granting

a motion for new trial or appeal would have achieved on this issue; thus, the

nullification of the judgment is not required in this case.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER ONE:

In his first assignment of error, Mr. Ardoin argues that the WCJ erred when

it excluded his Exhibit 12 at trial, but then after judgment was rendered, admitted

the proffered exhibit on March 28, 2022. Exhibit 12 is a three-page “Report of

Investigation” by an AIG Global Investigative Services investigator and is a

synopsis of an interview conducted with Calvin Coleman.

At trial, GDE raised a work product issue related to the document’s

discovery. GDE argued that the document was inadvertently produced to

Plaintiff’s counsel with other trial exhibits and that it is not discoverable. The

WCJ allowed Mr. Ardoin to proffer the document. The WCJ stated that he would

allow the parties to address the work product issue regarding the proffer in post-

trial briefs. On January 7, 2022, the WCJ issued an oral ruling after reviewing the

post-trial briefs. Despite the WCJ stating at trial that he would rule on evidentiary

issues, such a ruling was not made. However, on March 28, 2022, after the hearing

on Mr. Ardoin’s Motion for New Trial, the WCJ acknowledged that the prior

ruling left out the evidentiary rulings, then admitted the evidence, including the

proffer.

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In his appellate brief, Mr. Ardoin asserts that “the WCJ committed

prejudicial error [by] failing to admit all admissible evidence at the beginning of

trial, causing Appellant to suffer substantial injustice in the presentation of his case

at trial.” Mr. Ardoin asserts that the existence of the report contradicts the WCJ’s

oral finding that “no other evidence exists” of Mr. Ardoin’s employment. Mr.

Ardoin also argues that the WCJ’s late ruling on the evidence is contrary to La.R.S.

23:1317(A)3 and denied Mr. Ardoin the opportunity to use the exhibit to establish

La.R.S. 23:1031 causation burdens. For the following reasons we do not find any

merit to this assignment of error.

The exhibit itself is a synopsis of an interview conducted with Calvin

Coleman by an AIG Global Investigative Services investigator on March 13, 2015;

it is not a transcript of a recorded statement. The document was not produced

along with the claim file and the document is not authenticated or verified in any

way. No witness was called to authenticate the document at trial.

The synopsis indicates that Mr. Coleman was hired by GDE on June 17,

2014, to “carry bundles of asphalt shingles, up a ladder, to the roof of an apartment

building.” Mr. Coleman transported Mr. Ardoin to the worksite on June 18, 2014,

3
Louisiana Revised Statutes 23:1317(A) provides:

If an answer has been filed within the delays allowed by law or granted by
the workers’ compensation judge, or if no judgment has been entered as provided
in R.S. 23:1316 at the time for hearing or any adjournment thereof, the workers’
compensation judge shall hear the evidence that may be presented by each party.
Each party shall have the right to be present at any hearing or to appear through
an attorney. The workers’ compensation judge shall not be bound by technical
rules of evidence or procedure other than as herein provided, but all findings of
fact must be based upon competent evidence and all compensation payments
provided for in this Chapter shall mean and be defined to be for only such injuries
as are proven by competent evidence, or for which there are or have been
objective conditions or symptoms proven, not within the physical or mental
control of the injured employee himself. The workers’ compensation judge shall
decide the merits of the controversy as equitably, summarily, and simply as may
be.

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and worked the entire day. Mr. Coleman quit the job thereafter but did transport

Mr. Ardoin to the jobsite on June 19, 2014. When Mr. Coleman returned to pick

up Mr. Ardoin at the end of the day, he was informed that Mr. Ardoin had fallen

through the roof and was taken off the jobsite. Mr. Coleman also explained that

the workers were to be paid weekly in cash.

Mr. Ardoin suggests that the statement supports the following facts: (1)

proof that the hiring person on the jobsite was Hispanic and, therefore, an

employee of K&C, (2) proof of Mr. Ardoin’s employment and presence on the

jobsite, (3) proof that day laborers were hauling packs of shingles up the ladder to

the roof, and (4) proof that the day laborers were brought to a check cashing

business and then paid in cash for their work. He argues that his burden hinged on

his ability to prove the above facts, and that Mr. Coleman’s statement was essential

to proving these facts.

In opposition, GDE argues that the statement should not be in evidence

because it was not discoverable as work product and, on appeal, argues that it is

inadmissible hearsay. GDE explained that Mr. Ardoin identified Mr. Coleman as a

witness on February 23, 2015, prior to Mr. Coleman being interviewed. Mr.

Ardoin also had a subpoena issued in March of 2015, yet chose not to have Mr.

Coleman testify at trial. The discovery propounded on GDE inquired whether

GDE was in possession of any witness statements and requested that any such

witness be identified. GDE responded that any statement would be work product

and did not provide any further identifying information. GDE also determined that

the statement could not be authenticated and GDE decided against using the report

at trial. GDE explains that the report was inadvertently produced with other

exhibits ahead of trial.

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Despite the WCJ admitting the proffer after judgment was rendered and after

the hearing on Plaintiff’s Motion for New Trial, we ultimately find that such a late

evidentiary ruling was harmless because the exhibit was incompetent evidence that

the WCJ should not have relied on it making its factual determinations.

Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure Article 1424 states:

A. The court shall not order the production or inspection of any
writing, or electronically stored information, obtained or prepared by
the adverse party, his attorney, surety, indemnitor, or agent in
anticipation of litigation or in preparation for trial unless satisfied that
denial of production or inspection will unfairly prejudice the party
seeking the production or inspection in preparing his claim or defense
or will cause him undue hardship or injustice. Except as otherwise
provided in Article 1425(E)(1), the court shall not order the
production or inspection of any part of the writing, or electronically
stored information, that reflects the mental impressions, conclusions,
opinions, or theories of an attorney.

....

D. A disclosure of a communication or information covered by
the attorney-client privilege or work product protection does not
operate as a waiver if the disclosure is inadvertent and is made in
connection with litigation or administrative proceedings, and if the
person entitled to assert the privilege or work product protection took
reasonably prompt measures, once the holder knew of the disclosure,
to notify the receiving party of the inadvertence of the disclosure and
the privilege asserted. . . .

As the fourth circuit explained in Johnson v. Mike Anderson’s Seafood, Inc., 13-

379, p. 7 (La.App. 4 Cir. 6/11/14), 144 So.3d 125, 131 (citing Ogea v. Jacobs, 344

So.2d 953, 957 (La.1977)), writ denied, 14-1459 (La. 10/10/14), 151 So.3d 586.

Even though a document was obtained or prepared in
anticipation of litigation or in preparation for trial, the party seeking
discovery may be entitled to it in certain circumstances. That party
must prove that he has a substantial need for the materials in the
preparation of his case, and that he is unable to obtain a substantial
equivalent of the materials by other means without undue hardship.

In Johnson, the appellate court concluded that the plaintiffs did not meet their

burden in proving a substantial need for the investigator’s file, despite their claim

16

that “they would be unfairly prejudiced had they not been able to know what Mr.

Copping had said about the accident shortly after it happened.” Id. at 132. The

appellate court instead concluded that the plaintiff had his own recollection of the

events and Mr. Copping, who was not an eyewitness, and the investigator were

both deposed and available to testify at trial. Thus, the trial court had abused its

discretion in ordering the production of the report and, because the report was

admitted, erred in admitting the report into evidence.

Similarly, Mr. Ardoin has not proven a substantial need for the recorded

statement herein. Although he requested an adverse presumption in his post-trial

brief and argued that GDE’s knowledge of Mr. Coleman and his interview by the

investigator, and GDE’s subsequent failure to identify both obstructed Mr.

Ardoin’s claim, the fact is Mr. Ardoin was the person who originally identified Mr.

Coleman as a witness. Mr. Ardoin identified Mr. Coleman as a witness prior to the

recorded statement and even subpoenaed Mr. Coleman in 2015, but chose not to

depose or call Mr. Coleman to testify. There has been no suggestion by Mr.

Ardoin that Mr. Coleman was unavailable to testify.

Furthermore, pursuant to La.Code Evid. art. 801(A)(C), a statement is

hearsay if it is not “one made by the declarant while testifying at the present trial or

hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” “Hearsay is

inadmissible at trial unless one of the exceptions in the Code of Evidence applies.

La. C.E. art. 802.” Brooks v. Reimonenq, 10-296, p. 4 (La.App. 4 Cir. 7/21/10), 44

So.3d 824, 827.

However, we recognize the relaxed evidentiary standards in La.R.S. 23:1317.

The Louisiana Supreme Court in Chaisson v. Cajun Bag & Supply Co., 97-1225,

pp. 10-14 (La. 3/4/98), 708 So.2d 375, 381-83, has explained:

17

[U]nder the express language of LSA–RS 23:1317, worker’s
compensation hearing officers are “not bound by the technical rules of
evidence.” Id. In other words, the hearing officer has the discretion to
admit evidence that would otherwise be inadmissible under the
Louisiana Code of Evidence. This more relaxed standard for the
admissibility of evidence is the general rule in proceedings before
administrative agencies. MCCORMICK ON EVIDENCE § 352 (4th
ed.1992). The legislative requirement that a hearing officer’s factual
findings be based upon competent evidence is the safeguard that
ensures that the factual findings are made on evidence that has some
degree of reliability and trustworthiness, notwithstanding that the
evidence might fall outside of the technical rules for admissibility. . .
Although the Legislature has not defined “competent evidence,” in
order to give the relaxed evidentiary standard in LSA–RS 23:1317
effect, it must not be defined so narrowly as to mean only evidence
that would fall within the parameters of the Louisiana Code of
Evidence.

....

To give effect to the more relaxed evidentiary standards in
LSA–RS 23:1317, we hold that the hearing officer has the discretion
to admit hearsay evidence in worker’s compensation proceedings. We
further hold that such evidence can qualify as “competent evidence,”
provided that the evidence has some degree of reliability and
trustworthiness and is of the type that reasonable persons would rely
upon. This determination must be made on a case-by-case basis under
the particular facts and circumstances. The reviewing court must
evaluate the competency of the evidence under the manifest error
standard.

....

. . . The Legislature in fashioning a relaxed evidentiary
standard for worker’s compensation proceedings envisioned the broad
admission of evidence that might fall outside of the technical rules of
evidence. Thus, the admission of such evidence is not error. However,
to ensure the reliability of the factual findings, the Legislature has
mandated that the hearing officer’s findings be based on “competent
evidence.” Such a relaxed evidentiary standard brings the possibility
that some incompetent evidence will be admitted. Thus, the
Legislature has granted hearing officers the discretion to disregard
such admitted, but incompetent evidence in reaching his factual
findings. Thus, to give effect to the Legislature’s intent, we hold that
when a reviewing court finds incompetent evidence in the record, it
must apply a manifest error standard of review, unless it is clear from
the hearing officer’s written or oral reasons for judgment or otherwise
evident from the record that the hearing officer actually relied upon
the incompetent evidence in arriving at his factual findings.

18

The document at issue is an investigator’s summary of an interview

conducted with Mr. Coleman and the investigator’s comments. The investigator

was not called to testify regarding the document, nor was Mr. Coleman. The

document was not entered as part of a claim file or other record that could be

certified. If the document is one of a regularly conducted business activity, no

witness was provided to “explain the record-keeping procedures of the business

and thus lay the foundation for the admissibility of the records.” Brooks, 44 So.3d

at 828. Furthermore, the summary indicates that Mr. Coleman stated he brought

Mr. Ardoin to the jobsite in June, a date that was after work at the Steeplechase

apartments concluded. After review, while we cannot conclude under the relaxed

standards that the admission of the proffered evidence was error despite the

evidence being hearsay, we find that the timing of the admission was harmless as

the evidence, under these facts, is not competent evidence that the WCJ should

have relied on it making its factual findings. Thus, we find no merit to this

assignment of error.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER TWO:

Mr. Ardoin’s second assignment of error pertains to his request that the WCJ

apply an adverse presumption of the evidence due to GDE’s failure to produce

documents related to Mr. Ardoin’s alleged May 19, 2014 accident. Mr. Ardoin

asserts that while the WCJ acknowledged an adverse presumption may be applied

where a party intentionally or negligently destroys evidence, it failed to recognize

that such a presumption may also be applied when one party fails to produce

documents within its control. Due to the purported misapplication of the spoliation

doctrine, Mr. Ardoin asserts that he is entitled to a de novo review and that an

adverse presumption be applied to the identified documents.

19

Generally, “Louisiana jurisprudence holds that when a litigant destroys,

conceals, or fails to produce evidence within his or her control, it gives rise to an

adverse presumption that had the evidence been produced, it would have been

detrimental to the litigant’s case.” Allstate Ins. Co. v. Ford Motor Co., 00-710, p. 4

(La.App. 3 Cir. 11/2/00), 772 So.2d 339, 342. But, “when a reasonable

explanation exists for the failure to produce the evidence[,]” the presumption does

not apply. Id. at 342-43. On appeal, we review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings

regarding spoliation using the abuse of discretion standard of review. Dauzat v.

Dolgencorp, LLC, 15-1096 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/6/16), 215 So.3d 833, writ denied,

16-832 (La. 6/17/16), 192 So.3d 766.

Mr. Ardoin cites Sayre v. PNK Lake Charles, LLC, 15-859 (La.App. 3 Cir.

3/23/16) 188 So.3d 428, writ denied, 16-696 (La. 6/28/16), 192 So.3d 780, a case

involving the failure to collect evidence, rather than preserve evidence. Sayre

involved an accident that occurred at L’Auberge hotel wherein the plaintiff fell

after her shoe stuck to a clear sticky substance on the floor. L’Auberge had

standard operating procedures that mandated certain steps be taken when an

accident occurred, such as obtaining statements and reports as well as preserving

video surveillance. Despite a video depicting multiple witnesses and employees

who either saw the plaintiff fall or came to her aid, the plaintiff “was unable to

discover evidence of any employee or witness statement . . . or any report or

inspection of previous falls or clean-ups in the area.” Id. at 433. At trial, the

plaintiff requested an adverse presumption jury charge due to L’Auberge’s failure

to preserve evidence.

20

On appeal, this court concluded that an adverse presumption should have

been given to the jury. After distinguishing jurisprudence in which an explanation

was provided for a party’s failure to produce evidence, this court found:

In bright contrast to Grantham [v. Eldorado Resort Casino
Shreveport, 49,474 (La.App. 2 Cir. 11/19/14), 152 So.3d 1028, writ
denied, 14-2654 (La. 3/6/15)] and Gomez [v. Stop & Shop
Supermarket Co., 670 F.3d 395 (1st Cir.Mass. 2012)], Ms. Sayre did
introduce numerous written policies of L’Auberge and showed
through testimony that the defendant had not only entrenched across-
the-board policies requiring employees to take a series of specific
steps when an accident occurred, those policies demanded a
permeating and continuing control of the evidence to the exclusion of
all others. The testimony further indicates that the defendant
selectively adhered to some of its operating procedures but failed to
adhere to others.

Id. at 436.

This court explained that “[t]he adverse presumption is a sanction for

spoliation, but it also stands on its own as a doctrine and an alternative remedy to

restore footing to the party who has unfairly borne the risk of missing evidence and

an erroneous judgment.” Sayre, 188 So.3d at 444. The Sayre court also noted the

supreme court’s statement in Reynolds v. Bordelon, 14-2362, p. 13 (La. 6/30/15),

172 So.3d 589, 600 that “Louisiana recognizes the adverse presumption against

litigants who had access to evidence and did not make it available or destroyed it.”

Mr. Ardoin notes that the issue of spoliation and an adverse presumption

was raised in his fourth disputed claim in July 2021, and that evidence of his

spoliation claim was set forth in Exhibit 4. However, the spoliation argument was

reserved for post-trial briefs as counsel indicated “that the issues may be clearer

depending on the testimony of Andy Copeland, GDE’s witness.” Thus, the WCJ

postponed the admissibility determination of Mr. Ardoin’s Exhibit 4 to after post-

21

trial briefs. Exhibit 4 was admitted on March 28, 2022, after the hearing on Mr.

Ardoin’s Motion for New Trial.

Plaintiff’s Exhibit 4 consists of the Fourth Supplemental & Amended

Disputed Claim for Compensation in which the spoliation claim was asserted,

GDE’s responses to discovery, Plaintiff’s discovery sent to GDE, excerpts from Mr.

Stephen’s deposition, and e-mails between counsel regarding outstanding

discovery responses. Plaintiff specifically addressed requests for production

numbers three (regarding proof of insurance and subcontractor skills), four

(regarding GDE job records), and five (regarding copies of payments made to

subcontractors) in its post-trial brief.4

Mr. Ardoin also asserts on appeal that additional spoliation claims arose

during Mr. Copeland’s trial testimony that support Mr. Ardoin’s request for an

adverse presumption. Although Plaintiff’s counsel noted during trial that these

documents were not provided to them, no request for an adverse presumption

regarding these documents was made during trial or in post-trial briefs. Instead,

the post-trial brief addresses the failure to produce these documents prior to trial as

support for penalties and attorney fees due to GDE’s failure to reasonably

controvert Mr. Ardoin’s claim:

Andy Copeland revealed the existence of a statement he wrote
regarding the May 19, 2014 accident—that statement has never been
provided to Plaintiff; while GDE has had it for 396 weeks. Walton
Stephens in his trial deposition flat out denied the existence of a []
statement relating to the May 19, 2014 accident. . . . GDE’s Project
Supervisor, Stephens, never disclosed the existence of the incident
report filed by Andy Copeland and he further intentionally denied its
existence.

4
We note that the proof of insurance and subcontractor skills appears to be pertinent to
Plaintiff’s burden of proving direct employment status pursuant to La.R.S. 23:1044 through
estoppel. Based on the ultimate conclusion of this court, it is not necessary for us to address this
issue or consider this evidence.

22

....

GDE cannot credibly sustain an argument that they reasonably
controverted this claim.

“As a general rule, appellate courts will not consider issues raised for the first time

on appeal.” JPS Equipment, LLC v. Cooper, 50,506, p. 8 (La.App. 2 Cir. 2/24/16),

188 So.3d 1106, 1111. However, assuming, for argument’s sake, that we should

consider this argument, we find for the reasons stated below that it has no merit.

At trial, Mr. Copeland testified that he completed an incident report for the

Steeplechase owner as well as a detailed statement for Mr. Stephens of GDE

regarding a May 19, 2014 accident involving a K&C employee, Jessie, who fell

through the roof. He also testified that GDE had to hire a second subcontractor to

repair the hole caused by Jessie falling through the roof. At trial, Mr. Ardoin’s

counsel noted these documents were never shared during discovery.

Regarding the incident report and detailed statement mentioned by Mr.

Copeland, we note that the incident report completed for Steeplechase is not within

the control of GDE. Mr. Copeland testified that he did not retain a copy of the

incident report. However, he did write a detailed statement for GDE:

Q. Now, when an accident happens on a GDE job site, isn’t
there an accident report filled out?

A. There would have been an incident report, but it wasn’t
for GDE. It would have been for the property [owner] just to let them
know because no one was hurt, no one was injured. It was an incident
so.

Q. Was there an incident report filled out?

A. I believe there was. I believe there was through Bobbie,
the manager, at Steeplechase.

....

Q. You did not retain a copy?

23

A. I didn’t have a copy of that. I wrote it down in another
statement explaining to my boss, Steve Stevens [sic] what had
happened and more in detail.

As to the detailed statement, although Mr. Ardoin argues that he requested

all reports and statements relating to the May 19, 2014 accident, Plaintiff’s

requests for production only requested “a copy of any statements taken in this

case[,]” not specifically for the date of May 19, 2014. (Emphasis added). Mr.

Copeland testified that the detailed statement involved an incident involving Jessie,

not Mr. Ardoin.

Plaintiff’s Request for Production No. 4, part of Plaintiff’s Exhibit 4, further

requested GDE “job records” but limited those documents to those “as referred to

by Walton Murph Stephens, III on page 12 of his deposition. (Attached for

reference).” In his deposition, Mr. Stephens was asked how GDE maintained track

of the subcontractors working on jobs. Mr. Stephens explained that in this case,

“[i]n addition to not only keeping our records, it was required by this particular

owner that we have a daily log[.]”5 It is clear that Mr. Stephens’s answer regarding

“our records” was regarding employees present on job sites. As to records of

accidents, he testified specifically that it was not GDE’s policy to complete

incident reports for non-GDE employees, although Mr. Stephens would expect any

incident to be noted on a daily log, if one was required at that job:

Q. Generally, when there’s an on-the-job accident, there’s
a[n] accident report. Now I guess my question is: Well, one, does
GDE require accident reports wherever there’s a job site accident?

A. Best of my knowledge, that’s true.

5
GDE responded to this discovery by producing the job logs. There is no evidence or
testimony suggesting that additional responsive documents existed that were not produced.

24

Q. That’s true. Okay. So when a subcontractor, one of his
employees has an accident. GDE doesn’t require that subcontractor to
fill out an accident report?

A. I don’t know the answer to that question.

....

Q. . . . If a GDE employee, an actual employee of GDE was
injured - - Let’s say Andy Copeland was injured. If he was injured on
the job, there would be a requirement that an accident report get filled
out?

A. Yes.

Q. But you don’t require Andy to fill out any accident
reports of any subcontractor employees injured?

A. No.

....

A. Well, let me clarify that. In the particular scenario where
we had a job log, I expect Andy to write it down on the job log.

Therefore, although our jurisprudence applies an adverse presumption when

a party destroys evidence, fails to produce evidence that it had access to, and, in

some cases, fails to collect evidence, under the facts in this case we cannot say that

the adverse presumption applies to the incident report or detailed statement

discussed during Mr. Copeland’s testimony.

On the other hand, documents pertaining to hiring a second subcontractor

are within the control of GDE and would have responded to Plaintiff’s request for

production Number 1:6

6
While payment documents to a second subcontractor to repair the ceiling appear to be
responsive to Plaintiff’s Request for Production No. 5, that request limits the production request
to those payments that were referred to on pages 31-33 of Mr. Stephens’s deposition. On these
pages, counsel and Mr. Stephens are clearly discussing the subcontractor that was contracted to
assist in repairing the roof, i.e. K&C, not the ceiling within the apartment. The discussion
involves payroll periods and draws.

25

REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 1
Please provide a copy of documents or information (in any
form), including, contracts, agreements, billing, invoices, etc., relating
the Steeplechase Apartments roof replacement job that took place
between May and June 2014.

However, an adverse presumption regarding a contract with a second

subcontractor would only support the conclusion that a second subcontractor was

hired to make repairs to the ceiling of one of the Steeplechase apartments—which

Mr. Copeland admitted to in his testimony. Even if this contract indicated the

reason for the damage, i.e., someone falling through the roof, this fact has not been

denied by GDE. Instead, GDE has admitted that an incident like this occurred on

May 19, 2014, but denied that it was Mr. Ardoin who was involved. Thus, any

error of the WCJ to apply an adverse presumption to this fact would be harmless.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER THREE:

In his third assignment of error, Mr. Ardoin argues that the WCJ erred in

finding that GDE did not make a judicial confession that Mr. Ardoin was present

on the Steeplechase jobsite in its Motion for Judgment of Preliminary Default

against K&C. Mr. Ardoin asserts that this failure hindered his ability to carry his

burden of proof. While the WCJ found the statement was one of alternative

liability, Mr. Ardoin argues that the default judgment could not be entered against

K&C without the factual assertion and judicial finding that K&C was Mr. Ardoin’s

employer, and that Mr. Ardoin was present at the jobsite.

Louisiana Civil Code Article 1853 defines a judicial confession as “a

declaration made by a party in a judicial proceeding. That confession constitutes

full proof against the party who made it.”

A judicial confession under La.Civ.Code art. 1853 constitutes
incontrovertible evidence of a particular issue and serves to waive the
necessity of any further proof on that issue. Ramelow v. Bd. of

26

Trustees of the University of Louisiana System, 03–1131 (La.App. 3
Cir. 3/31/04), 870 So.2d 415, writ denied, 04–1042 (La.6/18/04), 888
So.2d 184; C.T. Traina, Inc. v. Sunshine Plaza, Inc., 03–1003
(La.12/3/03), 861 So.2d 156. In order for a party’s statement to
constitute a judicial confession, it must be an express
acknowledgment of an adverse fact. Jones v. Gillen, 564 So.2d 1274
(La.App. 5 Cir.1990); Sanders v. Earnest, 34,656 (La.App. 2 Cir.
7/24/01), 793 So.2d 393; State v. Lamb, 31,919 (La.App. 2 Cir.
5/7/99), 732 So.2d 1270. Additionally, “the adverse party must have
believed the fact was no longer at issue or must have relied on it, to
his detriment.” Lamb, 732 So.2d at 1272; Alexis v. Metropolitan Life
Insurance Co., 604 So.2d 581 (La.1992); Jefferson Parish v. Fidelity
& Deposit Co., 95–951 (La.App. 5 Cir. 4/30/96), 673 So.2d 1238;
Jones, 564 So.2d 1274. . . .

Finally, courts have taken into account a party’s otherwise
consistent opposition to the fact alleged to have been confessed.

Leday v. Safeway Ins. Co. of La., 04-610, pp. 5-6 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/17/04), 888

So.2d 1084, 1088.

In support of his argument, Mr. Ardoin cites C.T. Traina, Inc. v. Sunshine

Plaza Inc., 03-1003 (La. 12/3/03), 861 So.2d 156, for the proposition that

allegations made by a party in other pleadings may constitute a judicial confession

pursuant to La.Civ.Code art. 1853. In C.T. Traina, Inc., the supreme court held

that the admission of an oral contract in a prior pleading, an exception of no cause

of action, was a judicial admission, despite the existence of a contractual

relationship being denied and an oral contract only being pled in the alternative in

a subsequent pleading. The supreme court declined to find that the subsequent

pleading revoked the judicial admission:

La. Civ.Code art. 1853 explicitly provides that a judicial confession
may be revoked only on the ground of error of fact. At no time did
Sunshine assert its judicial confession of an oral contract was made in
error. To the contrary, Sunshine’s amended answer confirmed
Sunshine’s earlier allegation of an oral contract by continuing to
allege, in the alternative, that an oral contract existed.

27

Id. at 160. Thus, pursuant to the judicial confession, the plaintiff was not required

to present affirmative proof of the oral contract.

GDE’s Motion for Judgment of Preliminary Default was based on K&C’s

failure to timely respond to GDE’s Petition of Third Party Demand. GDE’s

Petition of Third Party Demand states:

1.

Claimant, Stilton Ardoin, was not an employee of GDE
Renovations, Inc. at the time of the alleged accident.

2.

GDE Renovations, Inc. and/or Granite State Insurance
Company are not liable for workers’ compensation benefits to
claimant as Silton Ardoin was not its employee.

3.

At all times material herein, it is believed that K & C Sheet
Metal and Roofing, Inc. was the direct employer of Silton Ardoin.

4.

K & C Sheet Metal and Roofing, Inc. is liable for claimant’s
workers’ compensation benefits if such benefits are due, which is
affirmatively denied, because K & C Sheet Metal and Roofing, Inc.
was the direct employer at the time of the alleged accident.

5.

Alternatively, in the event that the court finds GDE
Renovations, Inc. and/or Granite State Insurance Company
responsible for workers’ compensation benefits to Silton Ardoin,
GDE Renovations, Inc. and/or Granite State Insurance Company are
entitled to complete contribution and indemnity from K & C Sheet
Metal and Roofing, Inc. for any sums that GDE Renovations, Inc.
and/or Granite State Insurance Company may be found to be liable to
pay.

6.

At all times material herein, K & C Sheet Metal and Roofing,
Inc. represented to Third Party Plaintiffs, GDE Renovations, Inc.
and/or Granite State Insurance Company, that it had valid workers’

28

compensation insurance coverage for any and all employees that
might perform any services for K & C Sheet Metal and Roofing, Inc.

7.

K & C Sheet Metal and Roofing, Inc. is liable to GDE
Renovations, Inc. and/or Granite State Insurance Company pursuant
to contract and statute in the event it is found that GDE Renovations,
Inc. and/or Granite State Insurance Company are liable for any
workers’ compensation benefits to Silton Ardoin.

8.

Third Party Plaintiffs, GDE Renovations, Inc. and/or Granite
State Insurance Company, allege that if they are held responsible for
the payment of any medical and/or indemnity benefits incurred by
Silton Ardoin as a result of the alleged workplace accident, which is at
all times denied, then these expenses were incurred during the course
and scope of claimant’s employment with K & C Sheet Metal and
Roofing, Inc., not GDE Renovations, Inc.

9.

If K & C Sheet Metal and Roofing, Inc. and GDE Renovations,
Inc. and/or Granite State Insurance Company are held to be solidary
obligors, K & C Sheet Metal and Roofing, Inc. is liable to GDE
Renovations, Inc. and/or Granite State Insurance Company under the
Louisiana Workers’ Compensation Act and the aforementioned
Contract for complete indemnity and/or full contribution.

10.

K & C Sheet Metal and Roofing, Inc. is solely liable to Silton
Ardoin for any and all of Silton Ardoin’s damages under the
Louisiana Workers’ Compensation Act.

11.

Third Party Plaintiffs, GDE Renovations, Inc. and/or Granite
State Insurance Company, further assert that K & C Sheet Metal and
Roofing, Inc. is liable for reimbursement to GDE Renovations, Inc.
and/or Granite State Insurance Company for any expenses it incurred
as a result of the alleged workplace accident of Silton Ardoin,
including penalties, attorney fees and costs of defending these
proceedings.

WHEREFORE, the premises considered, Third Party Plaintiffs,
GDE RENOVATIONS, INC. and/or GRANITE STATE
INSURANCE COMPANY, pray that 1) Third Party Defendant, K &

29

C Sheet Metal and Roofing, Inc., in its capacity as employer be served
with a copy of this Third Party Demand; 2) that in the event third
party plaintiffs are found liable for any workers’ compensation
benefits, that there be judgment rendered against the Third Party
Defendant, K & C Sheet Metal and Roofing, Inc., for all medical and
indemnity benefits to include legal interest from the date of judicial
demand until paid and for all costs of these proceedings including and
[sic] any penalties and attorney fees; 3) Any and all expert witness
fees be taxed as costs; 4) Third Party Defendant, K & C Sheet Metal
and Roofing, Inc., be cast with all attorney fees incurred by Third
Party Plaintiffs and for all costs of these proceedings; 5) Third Party
Plaintiffs, GDE RENOVATIONS, INC. and/or GRANITE STATE
INSURANCE COMPANY, pray for general and equitable relief.

After review, we find no error in the WCJ’s determination that GDE’s

Petition of Third Party Demand did not make a judicial confession of employment

by K&C and GDE was, instead, pleading the alternative liability of K&C as the

direct employer should GDE be found liable to Mr. Ardoin. GDE also continued

to deny that Mr. Ardoin was employed on the Steeplechase jobsite. As the court

stated in Taylor v. Foremost Insurance Co., 576 So.2d 1083 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1991),

alleging in the alternative, after denying liability, does not amount to a judicial

confession and, if it did, it would only be an admission that GDE was alleging

K&C’s liability in the alternative.

Furthermore, this issue is not determinative of the outcome in this case. As

discussed below, the WCJ also made a factual determination that Mr. Ardoin was

not involved in an accident at the GDE jobsite. Thus, even if GDE’s third party

demand was a judicial confession of K&C’s employer status, Mr. Ardoin was still

required to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he suffered an accident

at work.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER FOUR:

Lastly, Mr. Ardoin alleges that the WCJ erred by applying a liberal

construction of the facts in favor of GDE. Mr. Ardoin argues that the WCJ

30

adopted GDE’s narrative, specifically comparing the testimony of Mr. Copeland to

that of Mr. Ardoin in order to find Mr. Ardoin’s testimony illogical. Mr. Ardoin

suggests that the record supports Mr. Ardoin’s testimony, not Mr. Copeland’s.

In opposition, GDE asserts that Mr. Ardoin was not credible and was

impeached during his testimony. GDE notes that Mr. Ardoin’s testimony

contradicts the daily logs and the progress notes therein, Mr. Sterling’s account of

May 19, 2014, and ignores the equipment that was available on the jobsite. GDE

further asserts that Mr. Ardoin’s medical records are inconsistent with how and

where Mr. Ardoin’s injury was sustained, and list “Master Clean” as his employer

on both May 20, 2014, and June 9, 2014.

The WCJ made a specific finding that Mr. Ardoin was not credible and gave

reasons for that finding such as the fact that Mr. Ardoin changed the date of the

accident several times, Mr. Ardoin’s testimony regarding the start time of the job

which contradicted the evidence of the actual start time, Mr. Ardoin’s failure to

note equipment being used at the job site, and Mr. Ardoin’s description of the work

taking place on the day of the accident which was contrary to the evidence.

“In a workers’ compensation case, the employee bears the burden of proving

by a preponderance of the evidence that an accident occurred, it occurred in the

course and scope of his employment, the accident caused his injury, and the injury

caused his disability.” Salgado v. Tri-Roofing & Home Improvements, 19-407, p. 6

(La.App. 5 Cir. 5/2/20), 296 So.3d 1201, 1207. While “[a] worker’s testimony

alone may be sufficient to discharge this burden of proof[,]” that is the case when

“no other evidence discredits or casts serious doubt upon the worker’s version of

the incident” and “the worker’s testimony is corroborated by the circumstances

following the alleged incident.” Id. We reiterate that factual findings of the WCJ

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are reviewed for manifest error on appeal and where a conflict in the testimony

exists, “reasonable evaluations of credibility and reasonable inferences of fact

should not be disturbed upon review.” Id. at 1205-06.

First, although GDE asserts that Mr. Ardoin was impeached during his

testimony regarding witnesses to his alleged accident, we do not find the evidence

was so conclusive. GDE argues that Mr. Ardoin testified in his deposition that his

accident was witnessed by “Joe” and Calvin Coleman, but during trial, Mr. Ardoin

was adamant that Mr. Coleman did not witness the accident but was a witness to

Mr. Ardoin being on the job site. GDE admitted the page of alleged contradictory

testimony from Mr. Ardoin’s deposition into evidence, in which he stated:

Q. Were there any witnesses to your accident?

A. Well the guy that was handing me the shingles - - the guy
that was handing me the shingles.

Q. Who was that?

A. That was Joe.

Q. Was there any other witness to the accident?

A. Well, Mr. Calvin. He was - -

Q. What about Gosto?

A. Gosto was down. I was up. . . .

At trial, Mr. Ardoin testified that Calvin Coleman provided him with information

regarding the job and that he rode with Mr. Coleman to the jobsite where he was

subsequently hired by Gustavo. The deposition testimony is unclear regarding Mr.

Coleman’s role as a witness as it appears Mr. Ardoin’s testimony was unfinished.

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As to the date of the accident, Mr. Ardoin did change the date of the accident

in his Disputed Claim for Compensation. He also seemed unclear about the date at

trial:

Q. . . . Do you remember the exact day of the accident, what
the number of the day was?

A. The 17th - - the 19th?

Q. 19th?

A. Yes, ma’am.

Q. 2014?

A. Yes, ma’am.

Q. Okay.

MR. WILSON:
Your Honor, again leading the witness.

JUDGE PALERMO:
Please rephrase.

BY MS. VALOIS:
Q. Do you remember the date of - - that the accident
happened?

....

A. 17th. 17th or the 23rd, I think, the 24th.

Q. Okay. . . . After you had the accident, did you seek any
medical treatment?

A. No. He didn’t want to take me to the doctor. He took me
home.

Q. Okay. What about the next day?

A. The next day I went to the doctor. My knee was swelling
up.

Q. . . . This record that I’ve shown you from your medical
records that have been admitted into evidence shows that you came to

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the ER on May 20th of 2014, reporting falling through the roof the
day before.

A. Yes, ma’am.

Q. Okay. And so based on this record, is it fair to say that
your accident happened the day before May 20th of 2014, which
would be May 19, 2014?

....

A. It was May 19th.

Mr. Ardoin also described a time that he started work which was contrary to

other evidence regarding the start time of the job. Mr. Ardoin testified that they

worked from 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. He cites one daily log in support of his

testimony that work began at 7:00 a.m. That daily log noted that it was raining

around 7:05 a.m., therefore work could not start until 11:00. There is no indication

by this note that work would have otherwise started at 7:00. Mr. Copeland

testified that work did not begin until 8:30 each morning, a stipulation of the

apartment complex because the building being worked on was occupied, and that

work would continue until 7:30 p.m.

Regarding the work taking place on May 19, 2014, the project update

narrative on the daily log explained that the old shingles and felt were removed on

May 17th. Thereafter, on the 19th, the damaged wood was replaced. Mr.

Copeland specifically testified that, on this date, the shingles are on the ground:

Q. So at this point where are the shingles?

A. Shingles are on the pallet on the ground. We haven’t
even bothered to put them up there. You can’t - - you’ve got to get - -
certain processes have to be done before you move anything on the
roof. It’s going to be in your way. The decking has to be done.

Then once you’ve replaced all the bad pieces of decking,
you’ve got it all - - you have to mark it, put the new pieces in . . . .
Then we have to put down the felt. . . . [W]hich requires two layers of

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felt. We had tin tags. . . . They’re sheet metal . . . and they have to be
like every square foot with a nail in the center of them. . . . The
shingles are the last thing.

New felt and shingles were being installed on the 20th. While it may be

reasonable to assume that shingle bundles would be brought to the roof on the

afternoon of May 19th in preparation for laying them on the 20th, Mr. Copeland

testified that the bundles would not be placed in advance of laying new felt as they

would be in the way. Mr. Copeland also testified that there was a motorized lift to

bring the shingle bundles to the roof, where the roofers would then place the

bundles where they were needed, whereas Mr. Ardoin testified that he carried the

bundles up a ladder. Mr. Copeland also testified that any roofer on the roof was

required to be tied to a rope and wearing an OSHA-approved safety harness. Only

three ropes were on the roof.

The WCJ is correct that Mr. Copeland’s testimony contradicted Mr.

Ardoin’s version of the events, as did GDE’s records. We also agree that Mr.

Ardoin is not the most reliable of witnesses considering the record. His claim does

not correspond with the timeline of the roofing project as detailed in the Daily Log

update narratives. On more than one occasion, Mr. Ardoin’s date of injury is noted

as being in June (see his original disputed claim for compensation and several

medical records).

While Howard Sterling’s testimony did offer some support for Mr. Ardoin’s

claim, Mr. Sterling’s testimony contradicted both parties’ evidence. While Mr.

Sterling specifically testified that he witnessed Mr. Ardoin’s fall, his version of the

event differed from Mr. Ardoin’s version. He explained that he was “in front of

[Mr. Ardoin] like I was going first, when I was turning around to go he was

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bringing the bag and that’s when I seen him. . . . I seen when he go into the

thing . . . when the accident happened.”

He also testified that Mr. Ardoin returned to work the following day.

However, Mr. Ardoin testified that “Joe” was working with him on the day of the

accident, not Mr. Sterling, and that he was the only one on the roof. Furthermore,

Mr. Ardoin testified that he never returned to the jobsite. Mr. Sterling denied ever

going by the name “Joe.”

However, Mr. Sterling’s testimony also contradicted Mr. Copeland’s

testimony and the daily logs. Mr. Sterling testified that he carried shingle bundles

up the ladder, not that he used a motorized lift. He also testified that he worked for

three weeks, despite his name only appearing on the daily logs three times and

denies that he ever signed his name on the log. He also denies ever seeing Mr.

Copeland at the jobsite.

Mr. Ardoin’s medical records indicate that he visited the emergency

department on May 20, 2014, at approximately 11:31 a.m. alleging that he was

injured when he fell through a roof. The triage notes states “R knee pain and lower

back pain . . . falling through a roof yesterday. . . swelling to R knee.” The

additional records from that day indicate that the fall occurred at “home.” X-rays

were ordered, with the findings of the right knee stating “[t]here is a large joint

effusion and significant soft tissue swelling.” Mr. Ardoin returned to the

emergency department on June 9, 2014, for “knee pain x 3-4 weeks. Seen here

5/20/14 for same. Pt knee immobilizer in place.”

The June 24, 2014 records under “History of Present Illness” report that the

patient “was referred here from ER for persistent right knee pain after a fall

accident at home.” The history continues, “Was at work and fell off the first floor

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and and [sic] had acute pain and swelling in his R knee and hip, now after almost 4

weeks he still has severe pain and swelling still in his R knee, hip pain almost

resolved.” The patient was documented wearing a knee brace. MRI findings dated

June 27, 2014, included “[a] large knee joint effusion is present, with a large

Baker’s cyst.” The history reported was a “[r]ight knee injury at work one month

ago. Fall [sic] through a roof.”

A history taken at a July 21, 2014 visit contradicts Mr. Ardoin’s injury

occurring in May 2014. That record documented the chief complaint from nursing

triage as “c/o bilat leg pain. States attempted to shift self in bed and legs began

hurting shooting pain. Recently injured on job 6/2014.” The record recounts the

history of the present illness, “The patient presents with lower extremity pain, knee

pain and knee swelling. The onset was June 19th. . . . Type of injury: fall.

Location: Bilateral knee leg.”

Mr. Ardoin visited the emergency room again on October 23, 2014, with

“[b]ilateral knee pain since June[.]” The history notes, “The patient presents with

knee pain and Bilateral knee pain and hip pain. The onset was 18 weeks ago. . . .

Type of Injury: fall and PT fell off a roof in June and has had pain on and off

since.” (emphasis added).

Mr. Ardoin was eventually referred to an orthopedic clinic. On August 12,

2015, Mr. Ardoin was seen at the orthopedic office. A history of the present

illness was documented and states, “53 yo AA male presents to ortho clinic for c/o

bilateral knee pain. Reports that the pain started ‘several years ago’ but admits that

it ‘got worse when I fell through a roof replacing some shingles a year ago’.”

Mr. Ardoin consistently reported for years that his injury was sustained

when he fell through a roof. However, those records first indicate the accident

37

occurred at home, and, in July and October of 2014, the medical records indicate

that his injury occurred in June, not May. Additionally, GDE correctly notes that

medical records from May 20, 2014, and June 9, 2014, have Master Clean listed as

Mr. Ardoin’s employer.

Mr. Ardoin suggests this case’s fact pattern is nearly identical to that in

Salgado, 296 So.2d 1201, involving a roofing accident, a general contractor, and a

subcontractor. However, in Salgado, the fifth circuit stated, significantly, that “Mr.

Dinger [the employer] appears to have chiefly contested only [plaintiff’s] status as

an employee, while his own testimony seems to corroborate [plaintiff’s] story of

being injured on the jobsite, including the testimony by Mr. Dinger that he

recognized [plaintiff] from the jobsite and was aware of an accident on-site that

day.” Id. 1207-08. The opinion further notes that Mr. Dinger “testified that he saw

[the subcontractor] speaking to an injured [plaintiff] at the jobsite[.]” Id. at 1206.

Mr. Ardoin does not present the same affirmative evidence of his injury

occurring on the job in this case. Instead, he presented one witness to his presence

on the job, who detailed a different version of the alleged accident, and whose

testimony contradicted Mr. Ardoin’s regarding the events following the accident.

Moreover, Mr. Ardoin’s name does not appear on the daily logs, Mr. Copeland

testified that he does not recall seeing Mr. Ardoin at the jobsite, and Mr. Ardoin’s

version of the events do not match with the progress of the roof replacement as

notated in the project update narratives.

The WCJ simply found that Mr. Ardoin’s testimony was not credible and

was not sufficient to prove that he suffered an accident and subsequent injury while

on GDE’s jobsite. On appeal, we cannot say that the WCJ committed manifest

error in that finding.

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DECREE:

For the foregoing reasons, the March 18, 2022 Amended Final Judgment in

favor of GDE Renovations and K&C Sheet Metal and Roofing, Inc. is affirmed.

Costs of this appeal are assessed against Appellant, Silton Ardoin.

AFFIRMED.

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