State of Louisiana v. Ricky Joseph Langley

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

10-969

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

RICKY JOSEPH LANGLEY

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APPEAL FROM THE
FOURTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF CALCASIEU, NO. 10258-02
HONORABLE ROBERT LANE WYATT, DISTRICT JUDGE

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ELIZABETH A. PICKETT
JUDGE

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Court composed of Ulysses Gene Thibodeaux, Chief Judge, Sylvia R. Cooks, and
Elizabeth A. Pickett, Judges.

CONVICTION AFFIRMED. REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.

John Foster DeRosier
14th JDC District Attorney
Carla Sue Sigler
Assistant District Attorney
P. O. Box 3206
Lake Charles, LA 70602-3206
(337) 437-3400
Counsel for State of Louisiana

Anna Van Cleave
Richard Bourke
Louisiana Capital Assistance Center
636 Baronne St.
New Orleans, LA 70113
(504) 558-9867
Counsel for Defendant:
Ricky Joseph Langley

PICKETT, Judge.

FACTS

On Friday, February 7, 1992, the Calcasieu Sheriff’s Office received a 911 call

from the mother of six-year-old Jeremy Guillory reporting him missing. The call was

placed from the home of Ricky and Rosie Lawrence, where they lived with their two

small children. Ricky Langley, the defendant, rented a room in the house from the

Lawrences and had been living there for approximately three weeks.

Deputies were dispatched to the scene. A massive search ensued and continued

through the weekend. When it became apparent to law enforcement that Jeremy had

not just wandered off, they began a criminal investigation. In the course of the

investigation, it was discovered that there was an outstanding warrant for the

defendant from the State of Georgia for a parole violation.

On Monday, February 10, 1992, the defendant was arrested on the Georgia

warrant at his place of employment. He was taken into custody by Calcasieu Parish

Detective Donald DeLouche and FBI Special Agent Donald D. Dixon. Detective

DeLouche advised the defendant of his Miranda rights. After placing him in an FBI

vehicle, Special Agent Dixon advised the defendant that in addition to being arrested

for the Georgia parole violation, he was a suspect in the disappearance of Jeremy

Guillory. Agent Dixon then asked the defendant if he had killed Jeremy Guillory, and

the defendant admitted that he had killed Jeremy. The defendant advised Special

Agent Dixon that Jeremy’s body was in the closet of the bedroom that he rented from

the Lawrences. He admitted that he had choked Jeremy.

The Lawrence home was secured as a crime scene. Both the defendant and

Mrs. Lawrence executed volunteer search forms. The defendant accompanied the law

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enforcement officials to the Lawrence home. The defendant was again advised of his

Miranda rights, which he agreed he understood and which he waived. He voluntarily

walked the officials through the crime scene, describing in detail how he had killed

Jeremy. Jeremy’s body was discovered in the closet of the defendant’s bedroom,

covered with blankets. Jeremy had a ligature around his neck and a sock stuffed into

his mouth, consistent with the details the defendant had given the officers when

describing how he had killed Jeremy. The cause of death was ultimately determined

to be asphyxiation.

The defendant was then taken to the Calcasieu Parish Sheriff’s Office, where

he gave a videotaped statement. The defendant was again advised of his Miranda

rights, and he expressly waived those rights. He told the officers he first met Jeremy

Guillory approximately one week before the homicide when Jeremy was at the

Lawrences’ home playing with the Lawrence children. The defendant said when he

first saw Jeremy, he “wanted him” and that he wanted to molest him. On the Friday

that he killed Jeremy, Jeremy was at the house playing with the Lawrences’ son, but

Jeremy left when Mrs. Lawrence and her son left to visit a relative. Jeremy later

returned with his BB gun while the defendant was at the house alone, and asked if his

friend was there. The defendant said he could come in and visit. Jeremy came into

the house and put his BB gun down in the front room. The defendant said he knew

then that he would “mess” with the child unless the child left immediately or someone

came home. The defendant related that he went upstairs and Jeremy followed him

and went into one of the children’s rooms to play. He stated that while Jeremy was

playing he came up behind him, put his arm around his neck, lifted him off the floor,

and choked him. The defendant said he knew he was going to kill him. He gave the

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officers detailed information about the incident, including the fact that Jeremy was

kicking and his boots came off. The defendant said he felt enjoyment while he was

choking Jeremy. He said when Jeremy quit moving he carried him to the defendant’s

bedroom and laid him on the bed. He said he put his penis in the child’s mouth and

ejaculated. The defendant left Jeremy there and went about his task of doing laundry.

He said at some point Jeremy was making noises and the defendant then put a ligature

around his neck and choked him, pulling the ligature as hard as he could. He then

tied the two ends of the cord together and stuffed a sock in Jeremy’s mouth.

Jeremy’s mother came to the house looking for him. The defendant told her he

had not seen him. He offered to let her use the phone. While she was there he

realized that Jeremy’s BB gun was still in the front room. When she left, he picked

up the gun and took it upstairs, where he put it in his bedroom closet. Jeremy’s

mother returned to the house. The defendant offered to help her search and allowed

her to use the phone to call 911. He later called 911 himself to make sure they had

the correct address.

The defendant stated that people started to arrive to help with the search. The

defendant then took Jeremy’s body and put it in the closet, and retrieved Jeremy’s

boots from the child’s room where he had been choked and put them in the closet.

At some point, he covered the body with blankets from his room. He said he mopped

his room and the hallway. He changed the sheets on his bed and washed the blankets.

He denied that he was trying to destroy evidence.

On March 26, 1992, at the defendant’s request, a second videotaped statement

was taken from the defendant. The defendant was again advised of his rights. He

acknowledged that he was being represented by an attorney but stated he did not want

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his lawyer present and expressly waived his rights, including his right to counsel. He

told the officers that some of the details in his first statement were incorrect and he

wanted to give them a correct account of the events of the day he killed Jeremy

Guillory.

The defendant related that, on the day in question, Jeremy came back to the

house to play with the Lawrences’ child. He said he told Jeremy the child was not

home but invited him in. Jeremy declined and went off to shoot his BB gun. The

defendant said he thought about the fact that no one else was at the house and that he

could do what he wanted to do. He stated he went to the back door and called

Jeremy, inviting him inside, and Jeremy then came inside. The defendant said he

went straight upstairs and Jeremy followed him. He stated he then went back

downstairs and Jeremy followed him. The defendant said he pulled the child’s pants

down to molest him — to sodomize him — to “go all the way” with him — but he

couldn’t do it. He pulled Jeremy’s pants back up, turned him around, and forced his

penis into Jeremy’s mouth. The defendant said he ejaculated but didn’t know if it

went into Jeremy’s mouth. The defendant said he knew what he was doing was

wrong but that he had no control over it. He said he then carried Jeremy upstairs to

his own bedroom, not the children’s, and choked him like he told them in the first

statement — with his arm around Jeremy’s neck. When Jeremy went limp, he laid

him on his bed. The defendant went downstairs, and when he came back Jeremy was

making heavy breathing noises. The defendant said that is when he put the ligature

around Jeremy’s neck and pulled as tightly as he could, but that did not stop the child

from trying to breathe. He then stuffed an old sock in Jeremy’s mouth to make sure

he stopped breathing. He told the officers the remainder of his first statement was

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accurate. He agreed that he knew what he did was wrong. He stated that he had

remorse for the fact that a child’s life was lost, but that he felt no regret for “what’s

done.”

A seminal stain was found on the seam of the underside of one of the sleeves

of the t-shirt that Jeremy was wearing when his body was found. It was identified by

DNA analysis as being semen from the defendant. The semen was soaked into the

fabric.

The 1994 Trial

A review of the defendant’s conviction for second degree murder and the issues

in this appeal requires a review of the prior proceedings in this case. The defendant

was indicted by a grand jury for the offense of first degree murder. In 1994, he was

found guilty of that charge and sentenced to death. His conviction was appealed to

the Louisiana Supreme Court, and both the conviction and sentence were affirmed.

The supreme court, however, granted the defendant’s application for rehearing and

ultimately remanded the case to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing concerning

the defendant’s claim of intentional discrimination in the selection of the grand jury

foreperson. State v. Langley, 95-1489 (La. 4/14/98), rehearing granted in part

(6/19/98), 711 So.2d 651 (hereinafter Langley I). On remand, the trial court granted

the defendant’s motion to quash the indictment and vacated his conviction and

sentence. The state appealed that judgment, and it was affirmed by the supreme court.

State v. Langley, 95-1489 (La. 4/3/02), 813 So.2d 356.

The 2003 Trial

The defendant was re-indicted on a charge of first degree murder and pled not

guilty and not guilty by reason of insanity. A change of venue was granted because

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of pretrial publicity. Although the case was tried in Calcasieu Parish, the jury was

selected from Orleans Parish. The jury rejected the defendant’s insanity defense and

returned a verdict of guilty of the lesser included offense of second degree murder.

The defendant received the mandatory sentence of life imprisonment at hard labor.

The defendant appealed the verdict and argued that the temporary absences of the trial

judge from the courtroom during portions of the voir dire examination of prospective

jurors and during closing arguments constituted a structural defect in the proceedings

and required the reversal of his conviction. This court agreed that “the errors

committed by the trial judge, in absenting himself from the proceedings and failing

to maintain decorum, were structural errors requiring reversal of the defendant’s

conviction without a showing of actual prejudice.” State v. Langley, 04-269, p. 15

(La.App. 3 Cir. 12/29/04), 896 So.2d 200, 210 (hereinafter Langley II). This court

further concluded that the structural defects rendered the jury’s verdict absolutely

void and resulted in neither a conviction for second degree murder nor an acquittal

of first degree murder. The majority of the court concluded that the state could

exercise its plenary discretion over the subsequent conduct of the prosecution

pursuant to La.Code Crim.P. art. 61, and could retry the defendant for the offense of

first degree murder and seek the death penalty. Id.

The 2009 Trial: Pre-Trial Proceedings

The defendant was once again indicted for the offense of first degree murder.

The defendant moved to quash the indictment. The trial court granted the motion to

the extent that it limited the indictment to a charge of second degree murder. The trial

court reasoned that retrial for first degree murder would violate the defendant’s

constitutional protection against double jeopardy and penalize him for his success on

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appeal by once again exposing him to a possible death penalty. The state sought

review from this court. This court granted the state’s writ and held that its earlier

ruling regarding the issue of the trial being an absolute nullity was binding on the

lower court and was the “law of the case.” State v. Langley, an unpublished opinion

bearing docket number 05-1475 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/5/06), 925 So.2d 778. The

defendant sought writs from the Louisiana Supreme Court. In a majority opinion, the

supreme court reversed this court and held that the defendant could not be retried for

first degree murder. State v. Langley, 06-1041 (La. 5/22/07), 958 So.2d 1160

(hereinafter Langley III). The state applied for a writ of review with the United States

Supreme Court. That petition was denied on October 29, 2007. See Louisiana v.

Langley, 552 U.S. 1007, 128 S.Ct. 493 (2007).

The 2009 Trial

Numerous pre-trial motions were filed by both the state and the defendant

following the supreme court’s decision. On June 24, 2008, the defendant waived his

right to a trial by jury. The state moved to recuse the trial judge. Ultimately, Judge

Wilford Carter was recused by order of this court, and Judge Robert Wyatt was

randomly chosen to replace him. The state amended the bill to a charge of second

degree murder, and the defendant entered a plea of not guilty and not guilty by reason

of insanity on November 2, 2009. The court began hearing evidence that same day.

In addition to the statements of the defendant and the physical evidence, both parties

presented expert testimony relating to the defendant’s insanity defense.

The defense presented testimony from a forensic psychiatrist, Dr. Rahn Bailey.

He testified at length regarding the defendant’s history, drawing from various

sources including medical records, collateral sources such as information from family

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members, a review of the defendant’s actions and statements, and personal

observations. He ultimately concluded that the defendant is schizophrenic, was

psychotic and delusional at the time he killed Jeremy Guillory, and was unable to

distinguish between right and wrong at the time he killed Jeremy Guillory.

The state also offered testimony from a forensic psychiatrist, Dr. Dennis

Clayton Kelly, Jr. He also testified at length regarding the defendant’s history after

having reviewed statements, records and reports prepared by various health care

professionals and the reports of evaluations conducted subsequent to this crime. He

also viewed the statements given by the defendant and the evidence regarding his

actions and behavior associated with this crime, as had Dr. Bailey. He disagreed with

Dr. Bailey’s ultimate diagnosis and conclusion, pointing to the defendant’s linear

thought process, his ability to remember details of the offense that were substantiated

by physical evidence, and his actions regarding the hiding of evidence, such as the

BB gun, after the offense was committed. He also noted the lack of evidence in any

of the records or history which would indicate any significant period of time where

the defendant had suffered severe, incapacitating symptoms. Dr. Kelly found no

evidence of psychosis at the time the murder was committed, and he opined that the

defendant did not lose the ability to distinguish between right and wrong due to

mental illness.

The state also presented a transcript of the testimony of Dr. Aretta Rathmelle,

who had testified in the 2003 trial of the defendant. Dr. Rathmelle, who passed away

before the 2009 trial, concluded that the defendant could form specific intent to

commit murder and knew right from wrong when he killed Jeremy.

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The trial court found that, beyond a reasonable doubt, Ricky Langley killed

Jeremy Guillory. It found that there was specific intent to kill. He specifically

rejected Dr. Bailey’s diagnosis of schizophrenia and accepted the opinion of Dr.

Kelly. The trial court also made observations regarding the defendant’s demeanor

and conduct in recollecting the specifics of his acts. The trial court ultimately ruled

that Ricky Langley was able to distinguish between right and wrong at the time of the

offense. The trial court returned a verdict of guilty of the offense of second degree

murder on November 6, 2009. The defendant filed motions for a new trial and arrest

of judgment which were denied by the trial court.

It is from this conviction that the defendant appeals, assigning ten errors.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

1. Retrial of Mr. Langley for the intentional killing of Jeremy Guillory
violated Mr. Langley’s state and federal constitutional rights to be free
from Double Jeopardy.

2. Trial of this case after prescription had elapsed violated Mr. Langley’s
state statutory and constitutional speedy trial rights.

3. Trial of this case seventeen years after the initial indictment and five
years after a retrial was ordered violated Mr. Langley’s state and federal
constitutional speedy trial rights.

4. Excluding defense evidence from a psychologist expert in confessions
and interrogation violated Mr. Langley’s state and federal constitutional
rights to Due Process, to present a defense, to confront witnesses and to
compulsory process as well as his state statutory right to challenge the
reliability of his confession at trial.

5. Barring the defense from eliciting evidence regarding the interrogating
detective that was relevant to the weight and reliability to be attached to
Mr. Langley’s confessions violated Mr. Langley’s state and federal
constitutional rights to Due Process, to present a defense, to confront
witnesses and to compulsory process as well as his state statutory right
to challenge the reliability of his confession at trial.

6. AdmittingevidenceofthepreviouslyexcludedGeorgiaDocrecordsviolatedMr.Langley’sstate andfederalconstitutional
rights to Due Process as well as La. C. E. art. 404.

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7. Forcing Mr. Langley to choose between his right to plead not guilty by
reason of insanity and his right to insist upon the protections of the Code
of Evidence violated Mr. Langley’s state and federal constitutional
rights to Due Process.

8. Admitting into evidence the fruits of Mr. Langley’s unlawful arrest
violated Mr. Langley’s state and federal constitutional rights to Due
Process, to be free from an unreasonable search and seizure as well as
his statutory right to the suppression of illegally obtained evidence.

9. Admitting into evidence the March 26, 1992 statement violated Mr.
Langley’s state and federal constitutional rights to Due Process, to the
assistance of counsel and to be free from unreasonable search and
seizure.

10. The recusal of Judge Carter violated Mr. Langley’s state and federal
constitutional rights to Due Process as well as his statutory right to
proceed before the allotted judge in the absence of grounds for recusal.

ERRORS PATENT

In accordance with La. Code Crim. P. Art 920, all appeals are reviewed by this

court for errors patent on the face of the record. After reviewing the record, we find

there is one error patent concerning the advice given regarding the time limitation for

filing an application for post-conviction relief. After the court imposed the

defendant’s sentence, the prosecutor pointed out that the “defendant needs to be made

aware of the two years post-conviction relief part of the sentencing.” Immediately

thereafter, the judge stated, “I’m sorry, you’re very correct. Mr. Langley, Ms. Van

Cleave, the law provides you have two years to appeal from the time of the rendition

of judgment and conviction. You have that right. You’re so notified of that right at

this time.”

According to La. Code Crim. P. art. 930.8, the two year prescriptive period for

filing an application for post-conviction relief begins to run when a defendant’s

conviction and sentence become final under the provisions of La.Code Crim. P. art.

914 or 922. The trial court is directed to inform the defendant of the correct

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prescriptive period by sending appropriate written notice to the defendant within ten

days of the rendition of this opinion and to file written proof in the record that the

defendant received the notice.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER ONE: DOUBLE JEOPARDY

In his first assignment of error, the defendant alleges that his retrial for the

intentional killing of Jeremy Guillory violated his state and federal constitutional

rights to be free from double jeopardy. He argues that the prosecution for second

degree murder was barred by principles of double jeopardy and collateral estoppel.

Specifically, he contends that the issue of whether or not he had specific intent to kill

was litigated in his favor in the previous trial. The defendant argues that in the

previous trial, he conceded that he killed Jeremy Guillory and that Jeremy was less

than twelve years old. With these two elements of the offense conceded, he argues

that the jury’s verdict of second degree murder necessarily rejected the specific intent

theory of the crime. He argues that he could not therefore, be re-prosecuted under a

specific intent theory.

Although the defendant argues that he could not be re-tried under double

jeopardy principles, the supreme court, after conducting a double jeopardy analysis,

determined that he could be re-tried for second degree murder. While it is true the

supreme court did not discuss the issue regarding intent, re-prosecutions such as the

present one are allowed because second trials do not offend double jeopardy

principles when they occur pursuant to judicial error. State v. Mayeaux, 498 So.2d

701 (La.1986).

Regarding the collateral estoppel argument, we note the following

jurisprudence:

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The Fifth Amendment’s Double Jeopardy Clause protects against
successive prosecutions following acquittal or conviction, as well as
multiple punishments for the same offense. See also, LSA-Const. art.
I, § 15; La.C.Cr.P. art. 591 et seq. The collateral estoppel component
of the Double Jeopardy Clause prohibits the state from relitigating an
issue of ultimate fact that has been determined by a valid and final
judgment. Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 443, 90 S.Ct. 1189, 1194, 25
L.Ed.2d 469 (1970); State v. Cotton, 00-0850, pp. 5-6 (La.1/29/01),
778 So.2d 569, 574, reh’g granted in part, on other grounds, 00-0850
(La.4/20/01), 787 So.2d 278. A fact is considered “ultimate” if it is
necessary to a determination of the defendant’s criminal liability. State
v. Miller, 571 So.2d 603, 607 (La.1990).

Collateral estoppel bars relitigation of only those facts necessarily
determined in the first trial. United States v. Brackett, 113 F.3d 1396,
1398 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 934, 118 S.Ct. 341, 139
L.Ed.2d 265 (1997). Where a fact is not necessarily determined in a
previous trial, the state is not barred from reexamining the issue. Id.
Accordingly, the first step in resolving a collateral estoppel claim is to
discern which facts were “necessarily determined” in the first trial. Id.

The courts have placed the burden “on the defendant to
demonstrate that the issue whose relitigation he seeks to foreclose was
actually decided in the first proceeding.” Dowling v. United States, 493
U.S. 342, 350, 110 S.Ct. 668, 673, 107 L.Ed.2d 708 (1990). The
application of this test to criminal cases is complicated by the fact that
an acquittal by general verdict does not specify the facts “necessarily
decided” by the jury. Therefore, to determine which facts were
“necessarily decided” by the general acquittal in the first trial, it is
necessary to examine the record of the prior proceeding in order to
determine “ ‘whether a rational jury could have grounded its verdict
upon an issue other than that which the defendant seeks to foreclose
from consideration.’ ” Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. at 444, 90 S.Ct. at
1194 (citations omitted).

State v. Ingram, 03-1246, pp. 3-4 (La.App. 5 Cir. 10/28/04), 885 So.2d 714, 716-17,

writ denied, 04-3135 (La. 4/1/05), 897 So.2d 600.

When a lesser included offense to the crime charged is returned by a jury it is

not always possible to determine why that verdict was reached. It is possible that the

jury convicted the defendant of specific intent second degree murder. It is possible

that the jury verdict was based on a jury finding under the felony-murder rule, and the

jury determined there was no specific intent to kill. It is equally plausible that, given

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the nature of the case, the verdict was, in fact, a compromise verdict. Regardless of

the jury’s thought process in this particular case, clearly the argument that the issue

of specific intent was “necessarily determined” is unsupported. The defendant has

not carried his burden of proving that the element of specific intent was actually

decided in the previous trial. This assignment of error lacks merit.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER TWO: PRESCRIPTION

In this assignment of error the defendant argues the case against him has

prescribed, as his retrial was not timely commenced. Louisiana Code of Criminal

Procedure Article 582 provides:

When a defendant obtains a new trial or there is a mistrial, the state must
commence the second trial within one year from the date the new trial
is granted, or the mistrial is ordered, or within the period established by
Article 578, whichever is longer.

The defendant argues that the judgment of this court reversing his earlier conviction

became final on January 12, 2005. Langley II, 896 So.2d 200; La.Code Crim.P. art.

922. He concedes that certain events after January 12, 2005, suspended the

prescriptive period. He argues that June 5, 2008 was the latest day that trial could

legally commence.

We agree that the judgment reversing his conviction became final on January

12, 2005. On February 10, 2005, the defendant filed a Motion To Recuse the District

Attorney. The court minutes reflect that a hearing was held on March 31, 2005, at

which time the defendant’s Motion To Recuse the District Attorney was set for

hearing on May 11, 2005.

There is no evidence in the record of a May 11, 2005 hearing, but the minutes

reflect that on May 12, 2005, the trial judge, in open court, refixed the Motion To

Recuse for June 16, 2005. One week prior to this date, on June 9, 2005, the defendant

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filed a Motion For Court to Honor Its Earlier Order Continuing The Hearing on

Defense Motion to Recuse District Attorney. The record does not reflect any court

proceedings on June 16, 2005. Subsequently, however, on August 23, 2005, a letter

from defense attorney Phyllis Mann to the presiding judge was filed in the record.

In that letter, defense counsel requested that the Motion to Recuse be set for hearing

on the motion hearing dates set aside on October 5, 6, 14, and 18, 2005.

The minutes reflect that the next hearings were held October 31, 2005, at which

time the Motion to Recuse the District Attorney was taken up. The minutes further

reflect that defense counsel presented to the court three distinct reasons to recuse the

district attorney’s office: 1) the issue of conflict of interest regarding funding issues,

2) the issue regarding Assistant District Attorney Richard Oustalet’s representation

of a key witness in a personal matter, and 3) the issue of former District Attorney

Rick Bryant’s personal feelings toward the defendant. According to the minutes, the

trial court denied the motion as to both the funding issue and the issue involving the

former district attorney’s personal feelings toward the defendant, but the court

declined to rule on the last issue, granting the defendant additional time to investigate

the matter and funding to conduct the investigation. The minutes specifically state,

“The Court further orders that the defendant’s prescription time will not begin until

the Court has made a final ruling on the Motion to Recuse as a whole.” A review of

the transcript of the October 31, 2005, hearing, however, reflects that the court

actually did not rule on any aspect of the motion.

THE COURT:

We left the conflict on the lawyer representing the witness; okay?
We’re going to give you more time to develop that a little more; okay?
Once you’re ready after thirty days, I will expect you to let me know if
you want to have another hearing on that.

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MS. MANN:

Thank you, Your Honor.

THE COURT:

And I would think that you have more than you have now,
because you don’t have enough for me to make a ruling on it today. So,
for right now, the D.A. is still in the case. I denied all grounds except
leaving open the one conflict possibility because the Assistant District
Attorney represents the key witness.

MS. MANN:

And obviously, Your Honor, we would object to the Court’s
ruling, but given that you allowed us thirty days to develop and funds
with which to do that, thank you. To develop that evidence, just so that
we don’t get on any writ confusion grounds, here, okay? We consider
this all to be one motion ----

THE COURT:

Yes, that’s right. So, your time won’t begin to run yet, until after
the thirty days hearing. That’s right. So everything will be consolidated
into one ruling so that you can take writs on everything to include what
I’ve done today. I guess what I’m doing, is I’m telling you what I’m
going to do on the other two areas of your motion , and I’m leaving one
open. At which time I will make a ruling on all of them together. But
I’m telling you what the ruling will be on two of them, and one of them
you have the opportunity to present more evidence.

(Emphasis added.)

Following this hearing there was a significant amount of activity reflected in

the record by the defense regarding this motion as they issued numerous subpoenas

duces tecum for various records held by individuals and organizations. On November

29, 2005, the defendant filed a Motion To Set Hearing Date For Motion to Recuse

District Attorney, stating the investigation was complete. A review of the transcript

of a hearing held January 4, 2006, reflects that the defense was actively preparing to

present further evidence on this matter to the court. It is clear that at that time the

motion was still pending. The motion was set for hearing on February 22, 2006.

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There is no evidence in the record, however, that the February 22, 2006 hearing

was ever held. There are no further motions by the defendant to re-fix the motion for

hearing. A careful review of the record leads this court to the conclusion that no

hearing was held, and the trial court never issued a ruling on this motion. Further,

there is no indication in the record that this matter was withdrawn.

Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 580 provides:

When a defendant files a motion to quash or other preliminary
plea, the running of the periods of limitation established by Article 578
shall be suspended until the ruling of the court thereon; but in no case
shall the state have less than one year after the ruling to commence the
trial.

(Emphasis added.)

At a hearing on the defendant’s Motion to Quash the Indictment due to

prescription on September 17, 2009, the defendant asserted that the third issue

pertaining to the Motion to Recuse the District Attorney was resolved at a hearing

held March 22, 2006. He argued that because he did not file any objections after that

hearing for the failure of any person to produce subpoenaed records thought to

include Brady material, he waived the right to pursue the Motion to Recuse. Defense

counsel stated to the trial court at the September hearing:

And the Court, in fact, said on March 22, if you’ve got any objection or
anything to say about this, then you have until April 7th, 2006 to pursue
this matter. The defense did not have any objection. The matter was
resolved.

This argument is not consistent with the record of the March 22 hearing. The March

22 hearing was convened to discuss discovery requests related to the assistant district

attorney’s representation of Detective Delouche in a civil case. The trial court heard

arguments about the discovery issues, and by the end of the hearing the parties had

agreed on the parameters of the subpoenas. The trial court scheduled a hearing for

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April 7 to hear arguments concerning the discovery issues, not about the Motion to

Recuse. When the parties waived the April 7 hearing, it meant that the discovery

issues were resolved, not that the Motion to Recuse the District Attorney was waived.

The trial court never made a final ruling on the Motion to Recuse District Attorney,

as required by La.Code Crim.P. art. 580, which the trial court specifically stated at the

October 31, 2005 hearing was required for prescription to begin running again.

The filing by the defendant of the Motion To Recuse the District Attorney was

a preliminary plea which suspended the running of the one-year limitation set forth

in La.Code Crim.P. art. 578. State v. Vincent, 02-1452 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/2/03), 843

So.2d 1174; State v. McDonald, 02-909 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/5/03), 838 So.2d 128, writ

denied, 03-807 (La. 10/17/03), 855 So.2d 758. The trial court never ruled on that

motion, and it was never withdrawn by the defendant. Therefore, the time limitation

was suspended until the trial began on November 2, 2009, when both the state and the

defense announced that they were ready for trial, and the trial commenced. The

defendant did not object to or raise the issue of the pending Motion to Recuse District

Attorney. The motion was pending until the day the trial began, at which time it was

considered abandoned by the defendant. State v. Craig, 32,209 (La.App. 2 Cir.

8/18/99), 747 So. 2d 604. His failure to object constitutes a waiver of the objection.

State v. Woodfox, 291 So.2d 388 (La.1974); State v. Jennings, 07-150 (La.App. 3 Cir.

5/30/07), 958 So.2d 144, writ denied, 07-1460 (La. 1/7/08), 973 So.2d 731; State v.

Pratt, 32,302 (La.App. 3 Cir. 9/22/99), 748 So.2d 25.

The filing of the Motion To Recuse District Attorney suspended the running

of the prescription. It remained suspended as it was neither withdrawn by the

defendant nor ruled upon by the court before the trial commenced. Even if defense

17

counsel’s arguments at the September 17, 2009 hearing amount to a waiver or

withdrawal of the Motion to Recuse the District Attorney, the suspension of

prescription from February 2005 until September 2009 makes the November 2009

trial date timely. There is no violation of the defendant’s right to a speedy trial.

This assignment of error has no merit.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER THREE:
RIGHT TO A SPEEDY TRIAL

In his third assignment of error, the defendant alleges that trial of this case

seventeen years after the initial indictment and five years after a retrial was ordered

violated his state and federal constitutional speedy trial rights. The trial court denied

his motion below in light of its ruling on prescription. Statutory prescription and

constitutional speedy trial rights are, in fact, interrelated:

While it is elementary that legislative acts may not impair
constitutional guarantees, . . . . [A]n enactment is a recognition by the
legislature that the time limitation thereby ordained is reasonable and
acceptable under ordinary circumstances. Statutes of limitation are the
primary guarantees against inordinate delays between accusation and
trial. La.Code Crim.Pro. arts. 578--52; 18 U.S.C.A. s 3281--82; United
States v. Ewell, 383 U.S. 116, 86 S.Ct. 773, 15 L.Ed.2d 627 (1966);
State v. Howard, 325 So.2d 812 (La.1976); State v. Stetson, 317 So.2d
172 (La.1975); State v. Gladden, 260 La. 735, 257 So.2d 388 (1972).
There [sic] statutes represent a legislative assessment of relative
interests of the State and defendant in administering and receiving
justice, and they should be considered by the courts. United States v.
Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 92 S.Ct. 455, 30 L.Ed.2d 468 (1971); State v.
Theard, 203 La. 1026, 14 So.2d 824 (1943). Judged by this legislative
criterion, the delay in the instant case is neither inordinate nor
unreasonable.

State v. Alfred, 337 So.2d 1049, 1055-56 (La.1976).

The test for constitutional speedy trial claims is well-settled:

The constitutional right to a speedy trial is imposed upon the states by
the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Klopfer v. North
Carolina, 386 U.S. 213, 223, 87 S.Ct. 988, 993, 18 L.Ed.2d 1 (1967).
The underlying purpose of this constitutional right is to protect a

18

defendant’s interest in preventing pretrial incarceration, limiting
possible impairment of his defense, and minimizing his anxiety and
concern. Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 515, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 2184, 33
L.Ed.2d 101 (1972). The Supreme Court has set forth the following four
factors for courts to consider in determining whether a defendant’s right
to a speedy trial has been violated: (1) the length of the delay; (2) the
reasons for the delay; (3) the accused’s assertion of his right to speedy
trial; and (4) the prejudice to the accused resulting from the delay. Id.
at 531-532, 92 S.Ct. at 2192-93; see also State v. Reaves, 376 So.2d 136
(La.1979) (adopting Barker factors). The specific circumstances of a
case will determine the weight to be ascribed to the length of and reason
for the delay because “the delay that can be tolerated for an ordinary
street crime is considerably less than for a serious, complex conspiracy
charge.” Reaves, 376 So.2d at 138 (quoting Barker, 407 U.S. at 531, 92
S.Ct. at 2192).

State v. Batiste, 05-1571, pp. 6-7 (La.10/17/06), 939 So.2d 1245, 1250.

The defendant is correct in asserting that the seventeen-year time span between

the original action against him and the most recent trial is presumptively prejudicial.

Therefore, we will analyze this matter under the factors mandated by Barker.

The first factor deals with the length of the delay. As previously noted, the

most recent trial occurred approximately seventeen years after institution of the initial

prosecution.

The second factor addresses the reasons for the delay. The defendant

acknowledges that over the years there were valid delays, but he argues the major

delays were not attributable to him. The procedural history of this case is set forth

above. It is necessary, in determining whether the length of the delay results in a

violation of the defendant’s constitutional right to a speedy trial, to examine the

peculiar circumstances in this case.

The defendant was convicted of first degree murder in 1994, and he received

the death penalty for the homicide which occurred in 1992. The appellate process ran

its normal course. Ultimately, that conviction was overturned by the Louisiana

19

Supreme Court because of a constitutional defect, racial discrimination in the grand

jury foreman selection process, in 2002. Langley I, 711 So.2d 651; Langley, 813

So.2d 356.

The defendant was retried for first degree murder and ultimately convicted of

the lesser included offense of second degree murder. That conviction was reversed

by this court in December 2004 due to structural errors in the procedure related to the

trial judge’s improper absences from the courtroom during the proceedings. This

court declared that proceeding to be a nullity. Langley II, 896 So.2d 200.

The defendant was re-indicted for the offense of first degree murder. The

defendant filed a motion to quash the indictment since the previous trial had resulted

in a conviction of a lesser included offense. The trial court agreed, and it limited the

indictment to a charge of second degree murder. After appeal by the state, the trial

court was reversed by this court. The defendant took a writ application to the

Louisiana Supreme Court, which ultimately ruled in his favor, ordering the trial

court’s ruling reinstated. Langley III, 958 So.2d 1160. The issue was not resolved

by the Louisiana Supreme Court until May 22, 2007. In the interim, there were

numerous pretrial motions filed by the defendant in preparation for trial, and

numerous hearings associated with those motions as well as proceedings associated

with the defendant’s numerous requests for subpoenas duces tecum. One of the

motions filed was the Motion to Recuse District Attorney, more fully discussed

above, which was vigorously pursued but never resolved since the defendant made

no request to set it for final hearing.

Subsequent to the ruling of the Louisiana Supreme Court, the state exercised

its right to pursue a writ of review to the United States Supreme Court. The Supreme

20

Court denied certiorari on October 29, 2007. Although the defense argues the delay

involved regarding this application for writ of review should have no bearing in this

matter, the delay involved was beyond the control of the state, which was exercising

its right to pursue a remedy provided to it by law.

A few months later, new defense counsel filed a Motion to Enroll, which was

followed almost immediately by a written objection filed by the defendant as to her

representation of him in this matter. Although the defense argues there was never any

question as to who was representing the defendant, the trial court correctly noted, and

a review of the record reflects, that there was. The record shows that the two

attorneys who had been consistently making appearances and filings for the defendant

stopped appearing, although there was no motion filed by either of them to withdraw.

Two months after new counsel filed a Motion to Enroll, the defendant waived

his right to a trial by jury. This waiver was followed by a motion filed on behalf of

the state to recuse the trial judge because of his personal bias toward key state

witnesses. The motion was denied on its face by the trial court. This court reversed

that ruling and remanded it for a hearing on the merits in front of a different judge.

The motion was again denied. The state filed a writ application to this court, which

reversed the trial court’s ruling and ordered the trial judge recused in January 2009.

The defendant filed a writ application to the Louisiana Supreme Court. That

application was initially rejected as untimely, but, on reconsideration, was denied on

May 19, 2009.

In the interim, a new judge was alloted to this case, and on February 11, 2009,

the trial court ordered the matter fixed for trial on June 1, 2009. On June 1, 2009, the

trial court ordered motions to be heard on August 4, 2009, because of the pending

21

motion to quash based on prescription. On August 3, 2009, the court reset the motion

hearing date for September 17, 2009, when it was ultimately heard.

The trial court took the matter under advisement and set the trial date for

November 2, 2009. On October 28, 2009, the court issued a denial of the motion to

quash. Trial began on November 2, 2009.

There have been a significant number of delays in this matter. We have

reviewed the history of the case and the seriousness of the offense charged, which

involves the murder of a young child. We are mindful that this prosecution began as

a capital case, and in its present posture carries a mandatory life sentence. The

defendant has been afforded three trials because of judicial error recognized by the

supreme court and this court. We find that the delays occurred while serious legal

issues were under review, and we do not find these delays to be unjustified.

The third factor in Barker involves the accused’s assertion of his right to a

speedy trial. We note the defendant filed a motion to quash on August 5, 2008, based

on prescription, just four days after the state filed a motion to recuse the trial judge.

He filed a separate motion for speedy trial on August 4, 2009.

The fourth factor in Barker addresses the prejudice to the accused resulting

from the delay. As to this factor, the state asserts that, “‘Anxiety and concern’ are not

sufficient to let a confessed murderer walk free.” In this context, we note the supreme

court has stated:

There is, of course, some prejudice inherent in all accusations of crime,
arrests and incarcerations. The anxiety and concern suffered by the
accused and the disruption of his family life by the charge and
incarceration are factors to be considered. Loss of his job is another.
But defendant has not alleged disruption of his family life, and the
record does not shed light on whether he had a job. Deprivation of
liberty which results from incarceration is always prejudicial. But this
prejudice, like other, is a necessary consequence of any valid criminal

22

charge, especially where the accusation involves first degree murder, a
non-bailable offense.

The amorphous quality of the right to a speedy trial leads to the
unsatisfactorily severe remedy of dismissal of the indictment when the
right has been deprived. This is indeed a serious consequence because,
unlike the exclusionary rule or the reversal for a new trial, it means that
a defendant who may be guilty of a serious crime, or two as in this case,
will go free without having been tried. Overzealous application of this
remedy would infringe ‘the societal interest in trying people accused of
crime, rather than granting them immunization because of legal
error. . . .’ United States v. Ewell, 383 U.S. 116, 86 S.Ct. 773, 15
L.Ed.2d 627 (1966), White, J. Barring extraordinary circumstances,
courts should be reluctant indeed to rule that a defendant has been
denied a speedy trial.”

Alfred, 337 So.2d at 1057. The Alfred court recognized that evidence that a defense

had actually been impaired would weigh in favor of finding that a defendant’s speedy

trial rights had been violated. However, our reading of the record indicates the

defendant was able to put forth a vigorous defense. The difficulties and errors he

alleges on the other assignments of error in this matter are not based upon allegations

that witnesses were missing or dead. In his brief, he alleges that two witnesses were

dead and another was too ill to travel from out of state for trial. He made similar

contentions in his written motion below. He does not allege what evidence was lost

to his case by the absence of these witnesses. Further, in regard to two of those

witnesses, Ruth McClary and psychiatrist Aretta Rathmell, we note that transcripts

of their testimonies in the prior proceedings were admitted into evidence.

Balancing all of the Barker factors, we find this assignment of error lacks

merit. The total delay was long, but the great majority of it was due to the legitimate

(albeit unique) course of this case. The defendant asserted the right to a speedy trial

relatively late in the proceedings. He has not shown specific prejudice to his case.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR NUMBERS FOUR AND FIVE:
RELIABILITY OF LANGLEY’S CONFESSIONS

23

In his fourth and fifth assignments of error, the defendant argues the trial court

erred by preventing him from introducing testimony to support his argument that he

falsely confessed to molesting the victim. The defendant acknowledges that in his

third videotaped statement to Detective Delouche, he said he ejaculated in the

victim’s mouth. However, he claims this was a false assertion prompted in part by

Detective Delouche’s interrogation techniques and Detective Delouche’s own

background. For support, he refers to evidence filed under seal in the trial court.

The defendant also notes in support of his arguments below, that he sought to

introduce the testimony of forensic psychologist Dr. Sol Fulero. The defendant

argues the court should have heard Fulero’s testimony, because it met the “Daubert

criteria.”

The supreme court has addressed Daubert in State v. Manning, 03-1982, p. 44

(La. 10/19/04), 885 So.2d 1044, 1086-87, cert. denied, 544 U.S. 967, 125 S.Ct. 1745

(2005):

This Court has adopted the reasoning and observations set forth in
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct.
2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993), which specifically rejected the “general
acceptance” test and outlined the means for determining the reliability
and answered many questions as to proper standards for the
admissibility of expert scientific testimony. State v. Foret, 628 So.2d
1116, 1122 (La.1993). In Daubert, the Supreme Court stated that an
inference or assertion of scientific knowledge must be derived by the
scientific method. Proposed testimony must be supported by appropriate
validation, i.e., “good grounds,” based on what is known. Daubert, 509
U.S. at 590, 113 S.Ct. 2786. In short, evidentiary reliability will be
based on scientific validity. Id., 509 U.S. at 590, 113 S.Ct. 2786, n9.
The trial court must determine whether the expert is proposing to testify
to (1) scientific knowledge that (2) will assist the trier of fact to
understand or determine a fact in issue. The trial court must make “a ...
preliminary assessment of whether the reasoning or methodology
underlying the testimony is scientifically valid and of whether that
reasoning or methodology properly can be applied to the facts at issue.
Many factors will bear on the inquiry....” Id., 509 U.S. at 592-93, 113

24

S.Ct. 2786 “General acceptance” can have a bearing on the issue. Id.,
509 U.S. at 594, 113 S.Ct. 2786.

However, the reliability of Dr. Fulero’s methodology was not the focus of the

trial judge’s ruling. Rather, the judge indicated that he did not think the testimony

would assist him in reaching a decision regarding whether the defendant gave a false

confession. Such decisions are reviewed under the “abuse of discretion” standard.

See, e.g., State v. Young, 09-1177 (La. 4/5/10), 35 So.3d 1042, cert. denied, __ U.S.

__, 131 S.Ct. 597 (2010).

Having read the sealed materials, we find the trial court did not abuse its

discretion. The material regarding Detective Delouche does not remotely suggest that

anything in his background would have caused him to guide or influence the

defendant to falsely confess to molesting the victim. Further, it is not clear how the

lack of such evidence prejudiced the defendant’s case. As noted in the first

assignment of error, the state prosecuted him for specific intent second degree

murder, and he has repeatedly admitted that he killed Jeremy Guillory. The defendant

has sought to show he was insane, or at least to negate specific intent. The question

of whether he performed a sex act would appear to be superfluous. It was not an

element of the crime, there was no jury to be inflamed by the allegation, and its

bearing on issues of sanity and intent are not explained by the defendant.

In finding the defendant guilty, the trial judge noted that expert testimony

indicated that it was unlikely a person in a psychotic state could have a sexual

experience. This indicates how a sex act could have a bearing on the ultimate issue

in the case. However, the trial judge indicated he did not believe the defendant

ejaculated into the victim’s mouth. Rather, the judge suggested the defendant may

have ejaculated while strangling the boy from behind. Apparently, no semen was

25

found in the victim’s mouth, but some semen was found on a side seam of the boy’s

shirt, as the defendant acknowledges. Thus, the record indicates the trial judge

rejected the specifics of the defendant’s March 1992 confession to Detective

Delouche. For the reasons discussed, we find the trial court did not abuse its

discretion by electing not to hear Dr. Fulero’s testimony. Even if the defendant

sought more generalized testimony from Dr. Fulero regarding the allegedly false

confession to the sex act, it is not clear how it would have been relevant, independent

of the material regarding Detective Delouche. Therefore, this portion of the

defendant’s argument lacks merit. The arguments related to Daubert and to funding

issues that appear in the parties’ briefs need not be addressed, as our analysis renders

them moot.

The defendant also argues the trial court erred by limiting his cross-

examination of Detective Delouche. He was not allowed to delve into the matters that

were introduced under seal. For the reasons already discussed, we find the court did

not abuse its discretion by limiting the defendant’s questioning of Detective

Delouche. The information simply was not relevant to the current case. This

assignment of error lacks merit.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER SIX:
ADMISSION OF GEORGIA RECORDS

The defendant divides this argument into two parts. First, the defendant argues

the trial court erred by allowing the state to refer to his criminal records from Georgia

and his “dream diary” in violation of the “law of the case doctrine.” This court has

discussed “law of the case”:

“Under the doctrine of ‘law of the case,’ an appellate court will
generally refuse to reconsider its own rulings of law on a subsequent
appeal in the same case. State v. Doussan, 05-586 (La.App. 5 Cir.

26

2/14/06), 924 So.2d 333, 339, writ denied, 06-608 (La. 10/13/06), 939
So.2d 372.” State v. Bozeman, 06-679, p. 6 (La.App. 5 Cir. 1/30/07),
951 So.2d 1171, 1174.

State v. Quinn, 09-1382, pp. 2-3 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/12/10), 38 So.3d 1102, 1104.

A review of the jurisprudence has found no case in which the doctrine has been

applied to a trial judge’s rulings on issues that were ruled upon by an earlier trial

judge in a prior trial of the same case. The defendant cites two civil cases from the

supreme court, Pumphrey v. City of New Orleans, 05-979 (La. 4/4/06), 925 So.2d

1202 and Carriere v. Bank of Louisiana, 95-3058, p. 9 (La. 12/13/96), 702 So.2d 648,

655, for the principle that the law of the case doctrine includes “the binding force of

trial court rulings during later stages of the trial.”

The principle pronounced is inapplicable to the present case, as the trial at issue

is not a “later stage” of the prior trials. Also, the doctrine manifests the appellate

court’s general practice of not relitigating decided matters. It is not a limit on judicial

authority. Pumphrey, 925 So.2d at 1207-08. We note the supreme court’s ruling in

State v. Graham, 375 So.2d 374 (La.1979):

Defendant, Burlon Graham, was charged with driving while
intoxicated as a second offender, La.R.S. 14:98. He was subsequently
tried, convicted and sentenced to serve a period of sixty days in the
parish prison and pay a fine of $350.00, in default of which he would be
required to serve an additional one hundred and twenty days. Upon
application by defendant, we granted writs, reversed the conviction and
sentence, and remanded the case for a new trial on the grounds that the
trial court erred in permitting the state to establish a presumption of
defendant's intoxication through the introduction of a chemical analysis
of his blood’s alcoholic content without presenting prima facie proof of
the standard quality of the test chemicals. State v. Graham, 360 So.2d
853 (La.1978).

On May 1, 1979, defendant was again brought to trial for the same
offense. During the trial, the prosecuting attorney attempted to question
state witness Officer Russell Robinson concerning defendant’s
responses to questions outlined on an alcohol influence report form.
Defense counsel interrupted this examination, objecting to the questions

27

on the grounds that evidence as to whether an alcohol influence report
form was used, and defendant’s responses to any questioning from such
a form, had not been introduced at the previous trial and that the state
should not be permitted to now introduce new and different evidence.
After the objection was sustained by the trial court, the state assigned
error. The trial was then recessed to permit the state to apply to this
Court for supervisory writs.

In its application to this Court, the state correctly argues that the
trial court erred in ruling that at the new trial the state was limited to
evidence introduced at the previous trial. Article 857 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure states that “(t)he effect of granting a new trial is to
set aside the verdict or judgment and to permit retrial of the case with as
little prejudice to either party as if it had never been tried.” Official
Revision Comment (a) clarifies the intent of the provision by noting that
“(t)his article continues the sound rule of Art. 515 of the 1928 Code of
Criminal Procedure, that the state is wiped clean when a new trial is
granted.” Thus in the absence of an independent constitutional or
statutory ground requiring exclusion, the state may properly introduce
evidence at a new trial which was not placed into evidence at the
previous trial. Cf. State v. Reed, 324 So.2d 373 (La.1975).

State v. Graham, 375 So.2d at 374 (La.1979).

Thus, the trial at issue was a new proceeding and not a subsequent stage of the

earlier ones. Therefore, the “law of the case” doctrine does not apply. This portion

of the assignment lacks merit.

Further, the matter before us for review was a bench trial. As the defendant

notes in the second part of his argument, the jurisprudence recognizes that bench

trials are different than jury trials because judges are presumed to have the ability “to

respect the rules of evidence and the constitutional rights of the defendant.”

The fifth circuit has explained:

The admissibility of evidence in a bench trial is different from the
requirements in jury trials, because a judge by virtue of training and
knowledge of the law is capable of disregarding any impropriety. State
v. Anderson, 02-273 (La.App. 5 Cir. 7/30/02), 824 So.2d 517, 521, writ
denied, 02-2519 (La. 6/27/03), 847 So.2d 1254.

State v. Hebert, 05-1004, p. 13 (La.App. 5 Cir. 4/25/06), 930 So.2d 1039, 1048.

28

Similarly, the supreme court has stated, “Because the proceeding was a bench

trial, the possibility for prejudicial effect on the trial judge was far less than upon a

jury.” State v. Walker, 394 So.2d 1181, 1185 (La.1981).

In his brief, the defendant raises concerns regarding the following statement

by the trial judge:

THE COURT:

Let me assure everyone if I’m going to be put in a
position someone’s going to be asking me to find this
young man not guilty by reason of insanity, let me assure
you, I want to know everything there is to know.

And I don’t care what Judge said what about records
not being available to any specialist. Until somebody
shows me why I shouldn’t be exposed to those records then
somebody’s got some -- like Desi says, somebody’s got
some ‘splain’ to do.

The court made earlier comments regarding the relevance of the Georgia

records:

THE COURT:

Hold on, Mr. Bryant. Let me make sure I
understand.

I have not heard Mr. Bryant or Ms. Killingsworth
contend that they want anyone to discuss or render any
opinions regarding these Georgia DOC records.

So I’m kinda at a loss. What I heard them say was
that nobody is going to rely on those. They’re concerned
that Dr. Bailey may have some reliance on them, but Mr.
Bryant has already indicated that he would bring that out or
discuss that in cross examination.

I’m missing something here?

More specifically, one of the prosecutors made the following statements:

MR. BRYANT:

29

I don’t know what she’s talking about, Your Honor.

In the first trial they were opened up because their
expert relied on the records and had read them. In this trial
he’s relying on the records.

I think the State is perfectly in its right to question
about anything that’s in those Georgia records that we
think is relevant to Ricky Langley.

Obviously, there may be things that are irrelevant.
It was allowed in the first trial. He just indicated that she’s
shown him the Georgia records. I don’t think you can pick
and choose which Georgia records we’re gonna talk about.
Either he reviewed them or he didn’t review them.

If he didn’t review then we won’t ask any questions.
If he did review them then we’re entitled to ask any
questions about it. And he just indicated he did.

....

MR. BRYANT:

Again, Your Honor, if he reviewed medical records
which concerned -- they are medical records, mental health
records from the state of Georgia as part of his opinion that
he’s rendering then we’re allowed to ask any questions
from those medical records.

I mean, I don’t know that Judge Gray ruled, but it’s
basically Hornbook Law, Your Honor. If he didn’t review
those records and didn’t use those as the basis to form his
opinion, perhaps we wouldn’t be able to do so, but I still
think that --

The material at issue was relevant to the case, and defense counsel’s comments

during argument indicate any references to the Georgia records were not unduly

prejudicial. We note the following statement made by defense counsel: “We’re not

scared of the Georgia records. Georgia records support our position. But they were

ruled out in 2003.” Shortly after these comments, the court recessed. When

proceedings resumed, the defense continued its direct examination of one of its

30

experts, forensic psychiatrist Dr. Rahn Bailey. No further objection was made

regarding the admissibility of the Georgia records.

Regarding references to the “dream diary,” the defendant did not specifically

object to its admissibility. Instead, he referred generally to “material that was ruled

out [in] 2003.” Also, the defendant based his argument on the “law of the case”

doctrine, rather than relevancy or prejudice. We find the defendant’s present

argument regarding prejudice was not preserved, pursuant to the “contemporaneous

objection rule” codified in La.Code Crim.P. art. 841, and it was not precluded based

on “law of the case,” as has been discussed above.

The state made an apparent reference to the diary in its rebuttal argument at the

close of the trial. However, as the state explained in response to the defendant’s

objection, it was responding to the defendant’s closing argument, which emphasized

the lack of an explanation for his conduct. The defendant’s closing argument was

focused on the issue of specific intent and on his own alleged insanity and

specifically claimed the state’s “theory of molestation makes no sense.” The state’s

remarks in rebuttal argument formed a fair comment on a matter to which the

defendant had “opened the door.” The supreme court has held:

Louisiana jurisprudence on prosecutorial misconduct allows
prosecutors wide latitude in choosing closing argument tactics. In
addition, La. C.Cr.P. art. 774 confines the scope of argument to
“evidence admitted, to the lack of evidence, to conclusion of fact that
the state or defendant may draw therefrom, and to the law applicable to
the case.” The trial judge has broad discretion in controlling the scope
of closing argument. State v. Prestridge, 399 So.2d 564, 580 (La.1981).
Even if the prosecutor exceeds these bounds, the Court will not reverse
a conviction if not “thoroughly convinced” that the argument influenced
the jury and contributed to the verdict. See State v. Martin, 93-0285 (La.
10/17/95), 645 So.2d 190, 200; State v. Jarman, 445 So.2d 1184, 1188
(La.1984); State v. Dupre, 408 So.2d 1229, 1234 (1982).

31

State v. Legrand, 02-1462, p. 16 (La. 12/3/03), 864 So.2d 89, 101, cert. denied, 544

U.S. 947, 125 S.Ct. 1692 (2005). This assignment of error lacks merit.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER EIGHT:
LAWFULNESS OF THE ARREST

The defendant asserts the trial court erred “in refusing to suppress the fruits for

the warrantless arrest of Mr. Langley and the Improperly Induced Confession of

March 26, 1992.”

Unlawful Arrest

On November 2, 2009, the defendant filed in the trial court a “Renewed Motion

to Suppress Statements and Evidence as Products of Unlawful Arrest and Seizure.”

A hearing on the motion was held on that same date, and the trial court denied it in

open court.

A. Timeliness of Motion

The state, in its response brief filed in the trial court, argued the defendant’s

motion was untimely urged. The state wrote, “There is absolutely no reason why the

defendant, who has been filing motions for many months now even past that set

deadline, had to wait to the day of trial to spring this suppression motion on this Court

and the State.” In support of its claim, the State cited State v. Davis, 05-543 (La.App.

3 Cir. 12/30/05), 918 So.2d 1186, writ denied, 06-587 (La. 10/13/06), 939 So.2d 372,

in which this court upheld the trial court’s denial of a defendant’s motion to suppress

as untimely under La.Code Crim.P. arts. 703(C) and 521.

Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 703 provides, in pertinent part:

A. A defendant adversely affected may move to suppress any
evidence from use at the trial on the merits on the ground that it was
unconstitutionally obtained.

32

B. A defendant may move on any constitutional ground to
suppress a confession or statement of any nature made by the defendant.

C. A motion filed under the provisions of this Article must be
filed in accordance with Article 521, unless opportunity therefor did not
exist or neither the defendant nor his counsel was aware of the existence
of the evidence or the ground of the motion, or unless the failure to file
the motion was otherwise excusable. The court in its discretion may
permit the filing of a motion to suppress at any time before or during the
trial.

Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 521 provides:

Pretrial motions shall be made or filed within fifteen days after
arraignment, unless a different time is provided by law or fixed by the
court at arraignment upon a showing of good cause why fifteen days is
inadequate.

Upon written motion at any time and a showing of good cause, the
court shall allow additional time to file pretrial motions.

Following the quashing of the first indictment, the defendant was re-indicted

for first degree murder on April 11, 2002. A second trial was held, and Langley was

convicted of second degree murder. On appeal, this court reversed the conviction.

Langley II, 896 So.2d 200. The pretrial process began again. On August 25, 2005,

the defendant filed a motion to quash the indictment on the basis of double jeopardy.

Specifically, the defendant was acquitted of first degree murder when the jury found

him guilty of second degree murder. On October 31, 2005, a hearing was held, and

the trial court granted the motion in that it limited the charge to second degree

murder. The state sought writs in this court, and this court reversed the trial court’s

ruling. The defendant sought review by the supreme court, and the supreme court

reversed this court’s decision, reinstating the trial court’s ruling. Langley III, 958

So.2d 1160.

On November 2, 2009, at the beginning of the third trial, the defendant re-

urged his motion to suppress, and the trial court denied the motion. On that same day,

33

the state “amended” the bill to second degree murder, and the defendant entered a

plea of not guilty/not guilty by reason of insanity. Consequently, we find that at the

time the motion to suppress was re-urged, the time period under Article 521 had not

been triggered, and the motion was timely submitted.

B. Invalid Arrest Warrant

The defendant asserts that his arrest was invalid because the Georgia parole

warrant was stale since Georgia waived its right to enforce the warrant. The

defendant contends that the arrest, based on the stale warrant, was pretextual, thus,

unconstitutional. The defendant concedes these issues were addressed by this court

in State v. Langley, 94-326 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/14/94), 635 So.2d 784, and by the

supreme court in Langley I, 711 So.2d 651, and “accepts this court is bound by the

Supreme Court’s earlier ruling . . . but reurges this assignment of error for record

purposes.”

In Langley, 635 So.2d 784, the defendant, pretrial, sought review of the trial

court’s denial of his motion to suppress. This court held, in pertinent part:

The trial judge ruled that the Georgia parole violation warrant on which
the Louisiana law enforcement authorities relied to arrest the defendant
was valid. The parole violation warrant was not stale, and its execution
was not unreasonably delayed. The delay in execution of the defendant’s
parole violation warrant was not seventeen months, as the defendant
alleges, but much less; defendant’s whereabouts were not known from
September of 1990 until September of 1991, and from December 1,
1991 until his arrest on February 10, 1992. The Georgia and Louisiana
authorities knew the defendant’s location for three months, at most, and
after he moved out of his parents’ home in December of 1991, defendant
never tried to contact any parole officer about his new address.
Furthermore, the actions of the Georgia authorities, initiating the process
for transfer of parole supervision to Louisiana, did not vitiate the
warrant or establish a waiver of Georgia’s right to enforce it, since
Louisiana was investigating the defendant and the transfer had not been
officially completed. Until the transfer of the defendant’s parole
supervision had been completed, Georgia retained authority to execute
the warrant. During this period, the defendant once again absconded

34

from supervision, never informing anyone about his new residence, and
exhibited his inability to conform to conditions of parole. The
defendant’s actions and inactions had frustrated the attempts by both
Georgia and Louisiana parole authorities either to transfer parole
supervision or to execute the parole violation warrant. Therefore, there
is no error in the trial court’s ruling that the parole violation warrant was
valid. See Saunders v. Michigan Department of Corrections, 406
F.Supp. 1364 (E.D.Mich.S.D.1976); Peoples ex rel. Flores v. Dalshiem,
66 A.D.2d 381, 413 N.Y.S.2d 188 (1979).

Since the police arrested the defendant pursuant to a valid parole
violation warrant, once the defendant was informed of his Miranda
rights and waived them, the police legally questioned him about the
disappearance of Jeremy Guillory. Colorado v. Spring, 479 U.S. 564,
107 S.Ct. 851, 93 L.Ed.2d 954 (1987). The policemen's actions in
arresting the defendant were justified by an objective standard of
probable cause to arrest arising from the parole violation warrant, and
the subjective motive of the officers to question the defendant about a
child’s disappearance will not invalidate an otherwise legal arrest. State
v. Wilkens, 364 So.2d 934 (1978); United States v. Causey, 834 F.2d
1179 (5th Cir. 1987).

Id. at 785.

Following his conviction of a capital offense, the defendant sought appellate

review directly with the supreme court. One of the assignments of error was the

denial of the motion to suppress. The supreme court held, in pertinent part:

A. The Validity of the Arrest Warrant

The Georgia parole violation warrant was validly issued in
September of 1990, shortly after Langley left that state without
permission. Defendant was arrested in Louisiana on the outstanding
Georgia warrant in February 1992, about 14 months after the Georgia
warrant was issued, and only a few days after the murder of Jeremy
Guillory. The arresting officers told defendant that they were arresting
him for the parole violation, but also that they wanted to question him
about the missing child. They twice advised Langley of his Miranda
rights, and he confessed almost immediately on simply being asked
whether he killed the boy. After the officers again explained his rights,
and after Langley again expressly waived them, he confessed in detail,
and allowed police to videotape him as he confessed and led them to the
boy’s body. In all, Langley was advised of his rights no less than four
times.

35

Langley argues that the parole violation warrant became invalid
because Georgia waived its right to execute it. Parolees and
probationers have due process rights concerning revocation of their
paroles or probations. Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 93 S.Ct.
1756, 36 L.Ed.2d 656 (1973). However, these due process rights are
less than those involved in an ordinary criminal prosecution. Id., 411
U.S. at 788-89, 93 S.Ct. at 1762-63; Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471,
92 S.Ct. 2593, 33 L.Ed.2d 484 (1972). An unreasonable delay in
executing a parole violation warrant may violate a parolee's due process
rights in some cases. See State v. Savoy, 429 So.2d 542 (La.App. 2d
Cir.1983). However, this is not such a case.

Some courts have spoken in terms of “staleness” and “waiver”
with regard to unreasonable delays in the execution of parole violation
warrants. See, e.g., Greene v. Michigan Dept. of Corrections, 315 F.2d
546, 547-48 (6th Cir.1963); United States v. Hamilton, 708 F.2d 1412,
1414 (9th Cir.1983). However, the underlying rationale of waiver or
staleness concepts is the deprivation of the parolee’s or probationer’s
constitutional rights to due process. See People ex rel. Flores v.
Dalsheim, 66 A.D.2d 381, 413 N.Y.S.2d 188, 192 (App.Div.1979);
Barker v. State, 479 N.W.2d 275, 278-79 (Iowa 1991). To hold that a
parole violation warrant becomes stale by the mere passage of time
alone would be to reward an elusive parole violator for remaining
unavailable. Flores, 413 N.Y.S.2d at 192 (delay of almost three years
not a violation of due process); Barker, 479 N.W.2d 275 (four year
delay not violation of due process); Shelton v. United States Bd. of
Parole, 388 F.2d 567 (D.C.Cir.1967). In addition, waiver alone is not
the proper rationale for invalidating a warrant, because waiver implies
both a knowing relinquishment of a right, and the authority of a parole
officer to relinquish that right on behalf of the state. Flores, 413
N.Y.S.2d at 192. See also Saunders v. Michigan Dept. of Corrections,
406 F.Supp. 1364, 1366-67 (E.D.Mich.1976) (noting that mere inaction
does not amount to waiver).

Under a due process analysis, the length of time between the
issuance and execution of a parole violation warrant is but one factor in
determining its continuing validity. Barker v. State, 479 N.W.2d 275,
279 (Iowa 1991). A delay in execution must be unreasonable before due
process is affected. United States v. Fisher, 895 F.2d 208, 210 (5th Cir.
1990); United States v. Hill, 719 F.2d 1402, 1405 (9th Cir. 1983); State
v. Newman, 527 So.2d 1036-39 (La.App. 2d Cir. 1988). Factors in
assessing reasonableness include (1) the state’s diligence in attempting
to serve the warrant; (2) the reason for the delay in serving the warrant;
(3) the conduct of the parolee in frustrating service; and (4) actual
prejudice suffered by the parolee as a result of the delay. Fisher, 895
F.2d at 210; Barker, 479 N.W.2d at 278-79.

36

We also note that the aim of the entire parole concept is “to help
individuals reintegrate into society as constructive individuals as soon
as they are able, without being confined for the full term of the sentence
imposed.” Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 477-79, 92 S.Ct at 2598-98. In
accordance with this aim, parole authorities have inherently broad
discretion in the supervision of parolees. Id. Parole authorities are not
in a race against the clock to execute parole violation warrants. United
States v. Gernie, 228 F.Supp. 329, 338 (S.D.N.Y.1964). Nor must arrest
and revocation be an automatic or reflexive reaction to every violation.
Hamilton, 708 F.2d at 1415; United States v. Tyler, 605 F.2d 851, 853
(5th Cir. 1979).

According to the record, including testimony adduced at two
separate suppression hearings on this issue, in the time between the
issuance of the warrant and its execution, Georgia authorities may have
initiated a process which might eventually have led to transferring
Langley’s parole supervision to Louisiana authorities. Langley claims
to have spoken with his Georgia parole officer, Ben Poole, who
purportedly said they could “work something out.” (However, the
defendant did not subpoena Poole.) Also about this time, Elizabeth
Clark, the Louisiana parole agent, was in communication with Georgia
authorities through her office. At their request, she verified that Langley
was residing at his parents’ home in Louisiana. Though Clark had no
official authority to supervise Langley, she attempted to maintain
contact with him unofficially. However, in November of 1991, without
any transfer having been accomplished, Langley stopped reporting to
Clark. In December of 1991, he moved from his parents' house without
informing Clark, who could not locate him. In fact, Langley was not
finally located until after the murder, when Clark informed investigators
of Langley’s last known residence (his parents’ house). The
investigators matched Clark’s description of Langley with the
description given by the victim's mother and discovered he was living
in the Lawrence house where the murder occurred.

Also in September of 1991, Langley asked Louisiana State
Trooper Charles Jones to see if there was a Georgia warrant out for
Langley. At a pre-trial hearing, Jones testified that he told Langley he
would check for warrants, and that he advised Langley to get in touch
with local parole authorities to see about getting his parole transferred
to Louisiana. Jones also testified that the first time he checked the
computer for a warrant he found none, but a few days later he checked
again and did find the Georgia warrant. Jones further testified that when
[sic] discovered the warrant, he went out to arrest Langley at Langley’s
work place, but could not find him there. Finally, Jones testified that
when he did see Langley some time later, he assumed that Langley had
probably reached an arrangement with the Georgia parole authorities,
based on Jones’s discussion with Langley when they first spoke in

37

September, as well as Jones’s belief that Langley and his employer were
attempting to contact Georgia authorities.

The court of appeal accurately summarized the matter when
denying relief on Langley’s motion to suppress:

Louisiana was investigating the defendant and the
transfer had not been officially completed. Until the
transfer of the defendant's parole supervision had been
completed, Georgia retained the authority to execute the
warrant. During this period, the defendant once again
absconded from supervision, never informing anyone about
his new residence, and exhibited his inability to conform to
conditions of parole. The defendant’s actions had
frustrated the attempts by both Georgia and Louisiana
authorities either to transfer parole supervision or to
execute the parole violation warrant.

State v. Langley, 94-00326 (La.App. 3d Cir. 1994); 635 So.2d 784, 785.

Under these circumstances, Langley’s due process rights were not
violated. First, law enforcement authorities were reasonably diligent in
attempting to serve the warrant. Langley’s whereabouts were simply not
known or easily ascertainable from September 1990 to September 1991.
Second, the Georgia authorities had a valid reason for delaying the
execution of the warrant while attempting to transfer parole. Instead of
having Langley arrested immediately in September of 1991, they
exercised their discretion in attempting to fulfill the aims of the parole
concept. They did not “waive” their right to execute the warrant, nor did
they relieve Langley of his parole obligations. Any attempt at a transfer
of parole was necessarily conditioned on Langley’s cooperation. Third,
Langley’s own conduct frustrated service of the warrant. After no more
than three months, and before any transfer of supervision could occur,
Langley stopped his unofficial reports to Clark, and moved from his
residence. Efforts to locate him had to begin anew. Fourth and finally,
Langley cannot claim he was prejudiced by the delay in his arrest, partly
because he was responsible for the delay, and also because he had no
reasonable basis to expect that any parole transfer would proceed
without adverse consequences to him if he did not do his part. A delay
in execution of a parole violation warrant may frustrate the violator’s
due process rights if the delay undermines his ability to contest the
violation, or to proffer mitigating evidence. United States v. Tippens, 39
F.3d 88, 90 (5th Cir. 1994). These elements of prejudice are not present
in this case.

In addition, we note that the defendant claims that only Georgia
waived its right to execute the warrant. The Louisiana arresting
authorities confirmed the existence of a facially and objectively valid

38

warrant and relied in good faith upon on it. Even if we decided that
there were problems with the warrant, which we do not, we would not
be inclined to apply the exclusionary rule against those acting in good
faith on a facially valid warrant. See United States v. Leon, 468 U.S.
897, 918-19, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 3418, 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984). Cf. also
United States v. Hensley, 469 U.S. 221, 105 S.Ct. 675, 83 L.Ed.2d 604
(1985) (police may act on wanted bulletins issued by police departments
possessing probable cause or reasonable suspicion to have the defendant
seized).

B. The “Pretextual” Arrest

The officers who arrested Langley did so under the authority of
a valid warrant. Thus, their subjective intent to examine defendant
about the murder is not significant. “Subjective intent alone ... does not
make otherwise lawful conduct illegal or unconstitutional.” Scott v.
United States, 436 U.S. 128, 136, 98 S.Ct. 1717, 1723, 56 L.Ed.2d 168
(1978). The relevant principle of Scott is that “so long as police do no
more than they are objectively authorized and legally permitted to do,
their motives in doing so are irrelevant and hence not subject to
inquiry.” United States v. Causey, 834 F.2d 1179, 1184 (5th Cir. 1987)
(citing Scott ). Like Langley, the defendant in Causey sought to have
his confession suppressed because he was arrested under a warrant for
one crime, but questioned about another. Causey, 834 F.2d at 1180.
The Fifth Circuit noted that the rule of suppression exists “to deter
unlawful actions by police. Where nothing has been done that is
objectively unlawful, the exclusionary rule has no application.” Causey,
834 F.2d at 1185 (emphasis in original). Therefore, even though the
police suspected that the defendant was involved in the disappearance
of Jeremy Guillory, the arrest was nonetheless proper because they had
an objective reason to arrest him for violation of his Georgia parole. See
also Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 135 L.Ed.2d
89 (1996) (allowing pretextual warrantless arrests based on probable
cause).

Finally on the suppression issue, when the defendant was arrested,
the officers properly explained his Miranda rights to him. He indicated
he understood his rights and confessed to killing Jeremy Guillory. He
was subsequently advised of his rights no fewer than three more times,
and he waived his rights each time. His confession was voluntary and
untainted by any form of coercion or undue influence. There is,
therefore, no basis for suppressing the confession or any other evidence
seized pursuant to defendant’s arrest.

Langley I, 711 So.2d at 669-671.

39

We are bound to determine if the warrant is valid based on a review of the

particular facts of the case and the applicable law. As the circumstances surrounding

the arrest and the admission of evidence obtained as a result of that arrest are no

different now than when they were reviewed by the supreme court in Langley I, we

must follow the supreme court’s opinion which applied the same law to the same

facts. The arrest was not illegal, and there was no basis to suppress the confession

or any other evidence seized pursuant to that arrest.

C. Authority to arrest under La.Code Crim.P. art. 213(4)

The defendant argues the peace officers lacked authority under La.Code

Crim.P. art. 213(4), to arrest him.1 Article 213 allows a peace officer to make an

arrest without a Louisiana warrant in limited circumstances. It states, in pertinent

part:

A peace officer may, without a warrant, arrest a person when:
....

(4)The peace officer has received positive and
reliable information that another peace officer from this
state holds an arrest warrant, or a peace officer of another
state or the United States holds an arrest warrant for a
felony offense.

At the hearing on the motion to suppress, the defendant argued, in pertinent

part:

[T]hey weren’t authorized to arrest him on a parole warrant. If it
would have been a felony arrest out in Georgia, they would have been
authorized to arrest him in Louisiana without a Louisiana warrant. . .

So the code [referring to art. 213 section 4] says you can arrest
someone when you know there’s an out of state warrant, as long as it’s
a warrant for felony arrest--felony offenses.

1
Defendant does not challenge that his parole violation stemmed from a felony
conviction.

40

And so the issue is, is a Georgia parole violation warrant . . . an
arrest warrant for a felony offense.

In support of his assertion, the defendant cited Green v. State, 642 S.E.2d 167

(Ga.App. 2/9), cert. denied, (Ga.2007). In Green, the defendant had been convicted

of two felonies and sentenced to three years in prison. After being released on parole,

he was arrested for violating his conditions of parole. While being held in jail

awaiting his hearing on the parole violation, he attempted to escape. Green pled

guilty to attempted escape. He was sentenced to a felony sentence of five years. On

appeal, Green asserted that the trial court erred in imposing a felony sentence when

he pled to a misdemeanor. Green argued that the trial court misconstrued the statute

in finding that he escaped after he had been “‘convicted of a felony.’” Id. 168. Green

explained that when he attempted to escape he was being held in jail for an alleged

parole violation. Green concluded that as result he should have been sentenced for

misdemeanor attempted escape. The Green court agreed, holding, in pertinent part:

[A]t the time of the escape in this case, Green was in jail
following his arrest on an alleged parole violation. He had not been
charged with any other crime. Moreover, it is undisputed that there had
been no hearing on Green's alleged parole violation, no determination
that Green had, in fact, violated his parole, and no revocation of his
parole prior to his escape attempt. Therefore, Green was in custody due
to an alleged parole violation, not because he had been convicted of a
felony.

....

[I]t seems clear that Green was entitled to a hearing to determine
whether he had, in fact, violated his parole and whether his parole
should be revoked. Because no such hearing had been conducted at the
time Green attempted to escape, Green’s incarceration in the Screven
County jail was based solely upon an alleged parole violation, not his
prior felony convictions. See Smith v. State, 154 Ga.App. at 609, 269
S.E.2d 100. Accordingly, the trial court erred in imposing a felony
sentence for Green's attempted escape.

Id at 169-171.

41

At the motion to suppress, the defendant in this case argued:

[T]o the extent that the decision of the trial court or the appellate
courts previously may have construed a Georgia pa[role] warrant as
being a warrant for arrest for felony offense, we say that this makes it
clear that is not the state of Georgia law.

The defendant’s attorney clarified that neither this court nor the supreme court

“explicitly use the words, ‘we hold that a Georgia warrant is a felony arrest warrant’

. . . But if it’s not then [sic] there was no authority to arrest, so they must have found

that.” The defendant’s attorney argued because the holding in Green created doubt

as to the correctness of the earlier rulings, this was an exception to the “law of the

case” doctrine. Additionally, he asserted Green was an intervening case.

At the hearing on the motion to suppress, the state responded, in pertinent part:

I find it interesting that Georgia can issue a parole violation
warrant on someone who has been convicted of felonies in another state
and yet the officers of this state are powerless to act on it and allow him
to go about his merry way.

....

Well, they were acting in good faith, which has been ruled upon.
The argument was that it was a pretextural arrest. And the Supreme
Court has said not so, that they acted in good faith on the warrant that
was there at the time, they did not take any action until they saw there
was a warrant.

....

And Georgia law and -- Louisiana law is not the same as Georgia
law. As I stated earlier there is an outstanding warrant for a parole
violation of someone convicted of a felony in the State of Louisiana, law
enforcement can do two things; ignore it or act. In this case they acted.

And I think that no one can say that their actions were done in any
other manner except what was required by law at the time and they did
what they were supposed to do.

As I indicated the Court did not find this pretextural, the Court
found that this was -- the actions of the officers -- they supported both
the Third Circuit and the Supreme Court in what they did.

42

The fact that there is some case that comes up 14 years later that
says in the State of Georgia -- ’cause this may or may not be. This
parole violation may or may not be a felony, I think would affect that in
any way, Your Honor.

After reviewing Green, the trial court in this case denied the motion to

suppress, holding there was insufficient reason to overturn the court of appeal and the

supreme court that had previously ruled the arrest was lawful. We find Green to be

inapplicable to the issue before us.

We now address the issue of whether or not La.Code Crim.P art. 213(4)

encompasses an arrest on a warrant for a parole violation. State v. Shaw, 06-2467

(La. 11/27/07), 969 So.2d 1233, sets forth the applicable law when interpreting a

statute, explaining, in pertinent part:

[W]e begin our analysis with the proposition that the starting point
in the interpretation of any statute is the language of the statute itself.
Johnson, 03-2993 at 11, 884 So.2d at 575; Theriot v. Midland Risk
Insurance Company, 95-2895 (La. 5/20/97), 694 So.2d 184, 186;
Touchard v. Williams, 617 So.2d 885, 888 (La.1993). Our interpretation
of the language of a criminal statute is governed by the rule that the
articles of the criminal code “cannot be extended by analogy so as to
create crimes not provided for herein; however, in order to promote
justice and to effect the objects of the law, all of its provisions shall be
given a genuine construction, according to the fair import of their words,
taken in their usual sense, in connection with the context, and with
reference to the purpose of the provision.” LSA-R.S. 14:3; State v.
Skipper, 04-2137, p. 3 (La. 6/29/05), 906 So.2d 399, 403. Further,
although criminal statutes are subject to strict construction under the rule
of lenity, State v. Carr, 99-2209, p. 4 (La. 5/26/00), 761 So.2d 1271,
1274, the rule is not to be applied with “such unreasonable technicality
as to defeat the purpose of all rules of statutory construction, which
purpose is to ascertain and enforce the true meaning and intent of the
statute.” State v. Everett, 00-2998, p. 12 (La. 5/14/02), 816 So.2d 1272,
1279, quoting State v. Broussard, 213 La. 338, 342, La. 15] 34 So.2d
883, 884 (La.1948) See State v. Brown, 03-2788, pp. 5-6 (La. 7/6/04),
879 So.2d 1270, 1280, quoting Perrin v. United States, 444 U.S. 37, 49
n. 13, 100 S.Ct. 311, 317, 62 L.Ed.2d 199 (1979) (“The general rule that
ambiguity concerning the ambit of criminal statutes should be resolved
in favor of lenity applies when the court is uncertain about the statute’s
meaning and is ‘not to be used in complete disregard of the purpose of
the legislature.’ ”). Consequently, a criminal statute, like all other

43

statutes, should be interpreted so as to be in harmony with and to
preserve and effectuate the manifest intent of the legislature; an
interpretation should be avoided which would operate to defeat the object
and purpose of the statute. Brown, 03-2788 at 6, 879 So.2d at 1280;
Broussard, 34 So.2d at 884. What a legislature says in the text of a
statute is considered the best evidence of the legislative intent or will.
State v. Williams, 00-1725, p. 13 (La. 11/28/01), 800 So.2d 790, 800.
Therefore, where the words of a statute are clear and free from ambiguity,
they are not to be ignored under the pretext of pursuing their spirit.
LSA-R.S. 1:4; State v. Freeman, 411 So.2d 1068, 1073 (La.1982).

Id. at 1242.

Although not directly on point, Mitchell v. Windham, 469 So.2d 381 (La.App.

3 Cir. 1985), lends guidance in interpreting La.Code Crim.P. art. 213. In Mitchell, the

plaintiff sought civil damages against the sheriff and his insurer for false

imprisonment. The trial court granted the plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment

finding false imprisonment. On appeal, the summary judgment was one of the issues

challenged by the defendant. This court reversed the summary judgment finding, in

pertinent part:

Concerning the facts of Mitchell’s arrest, the extensive record
contains considerable detail. Sheriff Windham testified at the March
1982 trial that on April 25, 1980, he received two phone calls from a
sheriff in Oklahoma who advised him that the Oklahoma authorities had
a felony warrant for Mitchell’s arrest, that Mitchell was currently
residing with his parents in Jena, Louisiana, and that the Oklahoma
authorities wanted him to arrest Mitchell. Sheriff Windham told the
Oklahoma authorities on each occasion that he would arrest Mitchell
once he received a teletype from them. The teletype was received,
confirming that the Oklahoma authorities had a felony warrant for
Mitchell's arrest charging him with taking mortgaged property out of the
state and disposing of it, a felony in Oklahoma, and Sheriff Windham
then ordered deputies Smith and Ashley to arrest the plaintiff.

Deputies Smith and Ashley testified that they arrested the plaintiff
on April 25, 1980, on the instructions of Sheriff Windham. They stated
that they advised plaintiff of his rights at arrest and that he was being
arrested based on a felony warrant. Deputy Smith then further testified
that Mitchell was advised of his rights again when he was booked in jail
at 11:05 A.M. on that date.

44

Mitchell testified that when he was arrested the deputies advised
him he was being arrested based on a warrant from Oklahoma, although
they did not know the charge, and that Deputy Smith read him his rights.
Plaintiff was informed of the charge the afternoon of his arrest.

***

As this court stated in Johnson v. State through Dept. of P. Safety,
451 So.2d 104 (La.App. 3 Cir.1984), writ denied, 457 So.2d 15
(La.1984):

“False imprisonment occurs when one is arrested and
restrained against his will by another who acts without a
warrant or other statutory authority. It is restraint without
color of legal authority. Kyle v. City of New Orleans, 353
So.2d 969 (La.1977); Richard v. State, through Department
of Public Safety, 436 So.2d 1265 (La.App. 1st Cir.1983),
writ denied, 441 So.2d 1223 (La.1983). If a police officer
acts pursuant to statutory authority in arresting and
incarcerating a citizen, there is no false arrest or
imprisonment. Kyle v. City of New Orleans, supra.”

***

In the instant case the authority relied on by the appellants for
arresting the plaintiff is derived from former C.Cr.P. art. 213, which
provided in pertinent part:

“A peace officer may, without a warrant, arrest a person
when:

***

“(3) The peace officer has reasonable cause to believe
that the person to be arrested has committed an offense
although not in the presence of the officer; or

“(4) The peace officer has received positive and
reliable information that another peace officer holds a
warrant for the arrest.”

The trial court evidently concluded that former C.Cr.P. art. 213(4)
was limited to peace officers holding a warrant from the State of
Louisiana. Appellant argues that the language, “another peace officer”,
as used in former C.Cr.P. art. 213(4), included peace officers from other
states holding warrants from other states for arrest. We agree.

45

Our opinion is that the amendment to Art. 213(4), which now
provides “or a peace officer of another state”, was merely intended to
clarify the existing law, and was not intended to change the law.

Id. at 383-85.

Applying the principles for statutory interpretation set forth in Shaw, this court

finds that La.Code Crim.P. art. 213(4), when it refers to “a peace officer of another

state or the United States holds an arrest warrant for a felony offense,” includes

warrants for parole violations. That provision of the statute is plain and straight

forward. It reflects the legislative intent to allow the arrest of a person when an arrest

warrant has been issued by another state for a felony offense. If the defendant’s

interpretation was given effect, it would result in an unjust and absurd result. Based

on a warrant from another state, it allows peace officers of this state to arrest persons

accused of a felony offense in the other state (which is conceded by the defendant),

but disallows a peace officer of this state to arrest a person convicted of a felony from

another state, who has violated a condition of parole imposed in the other state.

Moreover, although not explicitly addressed, Louisiana courts have impliedly

interpreted La.Code Crim.P. art. 213(4) to include parole warrants. As noted above,

the defendant pointed out how this court and the supreme court must have done so in

Langley, 635 So.2d 784 and Langley I, 711 So.2d 651. Additionally, in State v.

Barrett, 408 So.2d 903 (La.1981), the defendant was arrested on a warrant for a

federal parole violation. On appeal, the defendant challenged the seizure of the

evidence, but did not challenge the authority to arrest him on a warrant for a federal

parole violation. Furthermore, we find no statute or jurisprudence prohibiting a peace

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officer of this state from arresting a defendant on the basis of a warrant issued by

another state for a parole violation.2

Accordingly, we find this assignment of error lacks merit.

2
A Louisiana judge and a Louisiana parole officer (who has been transferred
supervision of the parolee from the foreign state) may issue a Louisiana arrest warrant
for an out-of-state parole violation. La.Code Crim.P. art. 269 allows a Louisiana
judge to:

[I]ssue a warrant for the arrest of a person in this state, prior to a demand
for extradition in conformity with Article 263, when on the oath or
affidavit of a credible person, taken before a judge or clerk of court, the
person to be arrested is charged with:

....

(3) Having been convicted of a crime in another state, and having
escaped from confinement or having broken the terms of his bail,
probation, parole, furlough, or reprieve.

Additionally, La.R.S. 15:574.8 allows a parole officer who has been transferred
supervision of the parolee from the foreign state to issue an arrest warrant and
provides in pertinent part:

A. Incidental to the supervision of parolees, parole officers shall
be deemed to be peace officers and shall have the same powers with
respect to criminal matters and the enforcement of the law relating
thereto as sheriffs, constables and police officers have in their respective
jurisdictions. They have all the immunities and matters of defense now
available or hereafter made available to sheriffs, constables and police
officers in any suit brought against them in consequence of acts done in
the course of their employment.

B. If a parole officer has reasonable cause to believe that a parolee
has violated or is attempting to violate a condition of his parole and that
an emergency exists, so that awaiting action by the board under R.S.
15:574.7 would create an undue risk to the public or to the parolee, such
parole officer may arrest the parolee without a warrant or may authorize
any peace officer to do so.

At the hearing on the motion to suppress held in 1992, the Louisiana parole
officer who was informally supervising Defendant was asked by Officer DeLouche
if she could “have Mr. Langley arrested or, could I arrest him for parole
violation.”(95-1489, p. 3752.) She responded she had “no authority over Mr. Langley
because he was not actually under my supervision, that he would have to contact the
State of Georgia.” (95-1489, p. 3752.)

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ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER NINE:
ADMISSIBILITY OF THE MARCH 26, 1992 STATEMENT

The defendant asserts the March 26, 1992, videotaped statement should have

been suppressed because the statement was taken in violation of the defendant’s Fifth

and Sixth Amendment rights.

After being indicted by the grand jury on April 11, 2002, for first degree

murder, the defendant filed a motion to suppress his March 26, 1992 statement. A

hearing was held on April 7, 2003, at which the trial court denied the motion. The

defendant sought pretrial review in this court, and this court held no error in the trial

court’s ruling. State v. Langley, an unpublished writ bearing docket number 03-463

(La.App. 3 Cir. 4/17/03).

In April 2003, the defendant was convicted of second degree murder. As noted

above, on appeal, this court reversed the conviction, thus the issue was not addressed.

Langley II, 896 So.2d 200.

When the pretrial process began again, the defendant did not re-urge the motion.

As noted above, a motion to suppress should be filed pre-trial. La.Code Crim.P. arts.

703 and 521.

During the November 2009 trial, the state sought to introduce and show the trial

court the March 26, 1992 videotaped statement. The defendant’s attorney responded,

“No objection, subject to all previous objections that have been made.” However, the

defendant did not re-urge the motion to suppress or articulate a basis for suppression

of the March 26, 1992 videotape. In State v. Aymond, 08-1292, p. 14 (La.App. 3 Cir.

4/1/09), 8 So.3d 795, 803, this court explained: “A defendant seeking review of a

motion to suppress on appeal is limited to the grounds articulated at trial. State v.

Johnson, 389 So.2d 372 (La.1980); State v. Bass, 595 So.2d 820 (La.App. 2 Cir.), writ

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denied, 598 So.2d 373 (La.1992).” See also, State v. Moore, 38,444 (La.App. 2 Cir.

6/23/04), 877 So.2d 1027, writ denied, 04-2316 (La. 2/4/05), 893 So.2d 83.

Consequently, this court finds this issue was not properly preserved at trial, and the

assignment of error is without merit.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER TEN:
RECUSAL OF JUDGE CARTER

The defendant asserts that his “state and federal constitutional rights were

violated when the randomly allotted judge assigned to these proceedings was removed

at the insistence of the state pursuant to a meritless recusal motion.” Trial by jury was

waived when the case was assigned to Judge Wilford Carter. The state filed a motion

to recuse the judge due to what was alleged to have been public and harsh criticism

by Judge Carter of key state witnesses and an expressed public unwillingness to accept

or believe the testimony of either witness. Judge Carter denied the motion, and the

state took a writ to this court. This court reversed Judge Carter’s ruling and remanded

the matter for consideration by a different judge. State v. Langley, an unpublished writ

bearing docket number 08-1189 (La.App. 3 Cir. 10/8/08).

The matter went before Judge Todd Clemons, who also denied the motion to

recuse Judge Carter from the case. The state then took a second writ to this court. This

court granted and made peremptory the state’s writ, as follows:

The trial judge found: 1) that the judge sought to be recused made
derogatory statements against two law enforcement officers who will
potentially appear as witnesses; 2) one of the witnesses is critical to the
State’s case; 3) that the judge sought to be recused previously made a
statement that if either of these two officers were to testify, he should
recuse himself; 4) that the only issue as to this statement was whether it
had been made on the record in a prior civil case or off the record in the
judge’s office, or by telephone; 5) that if Chief Dixon, Detective
Cormier, or Detective Delouche were on trial, the judge would not be
deemed fair and impartial; 6) that the judge sought to be recused and
Chief Dixon had a disagreement; 7) that the judge sought to be recused

49

had personal animosity toward Detectives Cormier and Delouche; and 8)
that the State had valid concerns as to the judge’s ability to preside
without bias or prejudice.

Detective Delouche and Chief Dixon are potentially critical
witnesses to the State’s case. Detective Cormier was involved in the
investigation and handled significant evidence. Although he did not
testify at the two prior trials, to conclude that his testimony will not prove
indispensable to the State is to impose a chilling, pre-trial burden on the
State to decide whether the witness should testify.

These facts, as stated by the trial judge, standing alone, meet the
burden of proof necessary to require recusal pursuant to La.Code Crim.P.
art. 671(A), regardless of whether the trial will be by jury or judge.
However, the trial judge incorrectly held that the burden of proving bias
or prejudice is the same, regardless of the nature of the trial. We
previously recognized that the burden of proof relevant to recusal is
different, dependant upon whether the trial is by jury or judge. State v.
Willis, 05-218 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/2/05), 915 So.2d 365, writ denied, 930
So.2d 973 (La. 6/23/06), cert. denied, 127 S.Ct. 668 (2006), citing State
v. Littleton, 395 So.2d 730 (La.1981) and State v. Manning, 380 So.2d
54 (La.1980).

Additionally, if the judge sought to be recused would be presumed
to be biased or prejudiced were Chief Dixon, Detective Delouche, and
Detective Cormier on trial, he must be presumed to bear the same bias
and prejudice when they could be key witnesses in a case to be tried
before him. For the reasons stated, the State’s writ application is granted,
and it is hereby ordered that the judge presently scheduled to preside in
the case before the court, is recused. The case is remanded for further
proceedings consistent with this ruling.

Langley, 08-1413. The defendant then took a writ to the supreme court, which was

denied. State v. Langley, 09-386 (La. 5/15/09), 8 So.3d 571.

The defendant points to a contemporary case wherein the state took a writ on

Judge Clemons’ denial of the state’s motion to recuse Judge Carter based on similar

allegations of bias as in the present case, including alleged animosity toward one of

the officers discussed above. This court reversed Judge Clemons ruling and ordered

the recusal of Judge Carter. The defendant points out that the supreme court reversed

this court’s ruling for the reason that the state failed to meet its burden of proving that

50

recusal was warranted and remanded to this court for consideration of pretermitted

errors. See State v. Wilkins, an unpublished writ bearing docket number 08-1461

(La.App. 3 Cir. 4/24/09), and State v. Wilkins, 09-1124 (La. 6/5/09), 9 So.3d 859. The

defendant asks this court to revisit the issue.

This court has explained that a defendant may seek review of a pretrial ruling

even after the denial of a pretrial supervisory writ application seeking review of the

same issue. When a defendant does not present additional evidence on the issue after

the pretrial ruling, however, the issue can be rejected on appeal. Judicial efficiency

demands that this court accord great deference to its pretrial decision unless it is

apparent that the determination was patently erroneous and produced unjust results.

State v. Chambers, 99-678 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1/19/00), 758 So.2d 231, writ denied,

00-551 (La. 9/22/00), 768 So.2d 600.

The defendant fails to offer sufficient additional evidence on the issue. The

argument of why it was error to have recused Judge Carter remains the same. The

defendant only points to the supreme court’s remand of Wilkins, 9 So.3d 859, for

consideration of pretermitted errors as a reason for this court to reconsider its ruling

in this case. Ultimately, this court determined that Judge Clemons, whose denial of

the motions to recuse Judge Carter was the issue in both the current case and in

Wilkins, used the wrong standard for recusal in cases where the judge sits as the trier

of fact (as he did in the current case) from that where he presides over a jury trial and

remanded Wilkins to another judge for determination of whether Judge Carter should

be recused. Wilkins, 08-1461.

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Accordingly, the defendant does not show that this court’s ruling in Langley,

08-1413, was patently erroneous and produced unjust results. This assignment of error

is without merit.

CONCLUSION

Ricky Langley’s conviction for second degree murder is affirmed. The case is

remanded for the trial court to inform the defendant of the correct prescriptive period

for filing an application for post-conviction relief pursuant to La.Code Crim.P. art.

930.8 by sending the defendant written notice within ten days of the rendition of this

opinion and to file written proof in the record that the defendant received the notice.

CONVICTION AFFIRMED. REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.

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